they act like sailors who

ut or ŭtī (old form ŭtei, C. I. L. 1, 196, 4 sq.; 1, 198, 8 et saep.), adv. and conj. [for quoti or cuti, from pronom. stem ka-, Lat. quo-, whence qui, etc., and locat. ending -ti of stem to-, whence tum, etc.].

As adv. of manner.

Interrog. = quomodo, how, in what way or manner.

In independent questions (colloq.; rare in class. prose; not in Cic.): De. Quid? ut videtur mulier? Ch. Non, edepol, mala. De. Ut morata'st? Ch. Nullam vidi melius mea sententia, Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 56 sq.:

salve! ut valuisti? quid parentes mei? Valent?

id. ib. 5, 2, 107; id. Pers. 2, 5, 8:

ut vales?

id. Most. 2, 19, 29; 3, 2, 28; Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 26:

ut sese in Samnio res habent?

Liv. 10, 18, 11:

ut valet? ut meminit nostri?

Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 12; id. S. 2, 8, 1.—

In exclamatory sentences (in all periods of the language): ut omnia in me conglomerat mala! Enn. ap. Non. p. 90, 14 (Trag. Rel. v. 408 Vahl.):

ut corripuit se repente atque abiit! Hei misero mihi!

Plaut. Merc. 3, 4, 76:

ut dissimulat malus!

id. ib. 5, 4, 13:

ut volupe est homini si cluet victoria!

id. Poen. 5, 5, 15: ut multa verba feci;

ut lenta materies fuit!

id. Mil. 4, 5, 4:

ut scelestus nunc iste te ludos facit!

id. Capt. 3, 4, 47:

ut saepe summa ingenia in occulto latent,

id. ib. 1, 2, 61; id. Rud. 1, 2, 75; 2, 3, 33 sq.:

ut falsus animi est!

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 42:

heia! ut elegans est!

id. Heaut. 5, 5, 19:

fortuna ut numquam perpetua est bona!

id. Hec. 3, 3, 46; cf. id. Phorm. 5, 8, 52:

Gnaeus autem noster... ut totus jacet,

Cic. Att. 7, 21, 1:

quae ut sustinuit! ut contempsit, ac pro nihilo putavit!

id. Mil. 24, 64:

qui tum dicit testimonium ex nostris hominibus, ut se ipse sustentat! ut omnia verba moderatur, ut timet ne quid cupide... dicat!

id. Fl. 5, 12:

quod cum facis, ut ego tuum amorem et dolorem desidero!

id. Att. 3, 11, 2:

quanta studia decertantium sunt! ut illi efferuntur laetitia cum vicerint! ut pudet victos! ut se accusari nolunt! etc.,

id. Fin. 5, 22, 61:

ut vidi, ut perii! ut me malus abstulit error!

Verg. E. 8, 41:

ut melius quidquid erit pati!

Hor. C. 1, 11, 3:

ut tu Semper eris derisor!

id. S. 2, 6, 53:

o superbia magnae fortunae! ut a te nihil accipere juvat! ut omne beneficium in injuriam convertis! ut te omnia nimia delectant! ut to omnia dedecent!

Sen. Ben. 2, 13, 1:

ut me in supremis consolatus est!

Quint. 6, prooem. 11.—

In dependent questions.

With indic. (ante-class. and poet.): divi hoc audite parumper ut pro Romano populo... animam de corpore mitto, Enn. ap. Non. p. 150, 6 (Ann. v. 215 Vahl.): edoce eum uti res se habet, Plaut. [p. 1940] Trin. 3, 3, 21:

hoc sis vide ut avariter merum in se ingurgitat,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 33:

hoc vide ut dormiunt pessuli,

id. ib. 1, 2, 66:

illud vide os ut sibi distorsit carnufex,

Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 3:

vide ut otiosus it, si dis placet,

id. ib. 5, 3, 10:

illud vide, Ut in ipso articulo oppressit,

id. Ad. 2, 2, 21; 3, 5, 3:

viden ut faces Splendidas quatiunt comas?

Cat. 61, 77:

viden ut perniciter exiluere?

id. 62, 8:

adspicite, innuptae secum ut meditata requirunt,

id. 62, 12:

aspice, venturo laetantur ut omnia saeclo! (= omnia laetantia),

Verg. E. 4, 52 Forbig. ad loc.:

nonne vides, croceos ut Tmolus odores, India mittit ebur,

id. G. 1, 56; id. E. 5, 6; id. A. 6, 779. —

With subj. (class.):

nescis ut res sit, Phoenicium,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 4, 1:

oppido Mihi illud videri mirum, ut una illaec capra Uxoris dotem simiae ambadederit,

id. Merc. 2, 1, 16:

nam ego vos novisse credo jam ut sit meus pater,

id. Am. prol. 104:

narratque ut virgo ab se integra etiam tum siet,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 70:

tute scis quam intimum Habeam te, et mea consilia ut tibi credam omnia,

id. Eun. 1, 2, 48:

videtis ut omnes despiciat, ut hominem prae se neminem putet, ut se solum beatum se solum potentem putet?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 46, 135:

videtisne ut Nestor de virtutibus suis praedicet?

id. Sen. 10, 31; id. Rosc. Am. 24, 66:

credo te audisse ut me circumsteterint, ut aperte jugula sua pro meo capite P. Clodio ostentarint,

id. Att. 1, 16, 4:

videte ut hoc iste correxerit,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 45, § 115:

docebat ut omni tempore totius Galliae principatum Aedui tenuissent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43:

veniat in mentem, ut trepidos quondam majores vestros... defenderimus,

Liv. 23, 5, 8:

aspice quo submittat humus formosa colores,

Prop. 1, 2, 9:

infinitum est enumerare ut Cottae detraxerit auctoritatem, ut pro Ligario se opposuerit,

Quint. 6, 5, 10:

vides ut alta stet nive candidum Soracte,

Hor. C. 1, 9, 1:

nonne vides, ut... latus et malus Antennaeque gemant,

id. ib. 1, 14, 3 Orell. ad loc.:

audis... positas ut glaciet nives Puro numine Juppiter,

id. ib. 3, 10, 7; id. S. 1, 8, 42; 2, 3, 315; Verg. A. 2, 4; Tib. 2, 1, 26; Prop. 2, 34 (3, 32), 57:

mirum est ut animus agitatione motuque corporis excitetur,

Plin. Ep. 1, 6, 2.—

Relative adverb of manner = eo modo quo, as.

Without demonstr. as correlatives: ut aiunt, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 101 Mull. (fr inc. l. 10 Vahl.):

ego emero matri tuae Ancillam... forma mala, ut matrem addecet familias,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 79:

apparatus sum ut videtis,

id. ib. 5, 2, 10:

verum postremo impetravi ut volui,

id. Mil. 4, 5, 5:

ero ut me voles esse,

id. Capt. 2, 1, 32:

faciam ut tu voles,

id. Men. 5, 9, 90: ut vales? Tox. Ut queo, id. Pers. 1, 1, 16:

ut potero feram,

Ter. And. 5, 3, 27:

faciam ut mones,

id. Hec. 4, 4, 97:

Ciceronem et ut rogas amo, et ut meretur et ut debeo,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 9:

cupiditates quae possunt esse in eo qui, ut ipse accusator objecit, ruri semper habitarit?

id. Rosc. Am. 14, 39:

ut ex propinquis ejus audio, non tu in isto artificio callidior es, quam hic in suo,

id. ib. 17, 49:

homo demens, ut isti putant,

id. Rep. 1, 1, 1:

cumulate munus hoc, ut opinio mea fert, effecero,

id. ib. 1, 46, 70:

non ut clim solebat, sed ut nunc fit, mimum introduxisti,

id. Fam. 9, 16, 7:

Labienus, ut erat ei praeceptum, ne proelium committeret nisi, etc., monte occupato nostros exspectabat, proelioque abstinebat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 22:

cuncta ut gesta erant exposuit,

Liv. 3, 50, 4:

(Postumius) fugerat in legatione, ut fama ferebat, populi judicium,

id. 10, 46, 16:

sed, ut plerumque fit, major pars meliorem vicit,

id. 21, 4, 1:

nec temere, et ut libet conlocatur argentum, sed perite servitur,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 17, 2:

servus, ut placet Chrysippo, perpetuus mercenarius est,

id. Ben. 3, 22, 1.—Esp. parenthet., to denote that the facts accord with an assumption or supposition made in the principal sentence (= sicut):

si virtus digna est gloriatione, ut est,

Cic. Fin. 4, 18, 51:

quorum etiamsi amplecterer virtutem, ut facio, tamen, etc.,

id. Phil. 10, 9, 18:

quamvis fuerit acutus, ut fuit,

id. Ac. 2, 22, 69; cf.:

incumbite in causam, Quirites, ut facitis,

id. Phil. 4, 5, 12:

tu modo istam imbecillitatem valetudinis sustenta, ut facis,

id. Fam. 7, 1, 5:

satis enim erat, probatum illum esse populo Romano, ut est,

id. Phil. 1, 15, 37.—

With the correlative ita or sic: VTI LEGASSIT SVPER PECVNIA TVTELAVE SVAE REI, ITA IVS ESTO, Leg. XII. Tab. 5, fr. 3: alii, ut esse in suam rem ducunt, ita sint;

ego ita ero ut me esse oportet,

Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 24 sq.:

sic sum ut vides,

id. Am. 2, 1, 57:

omnes posthabui mihi res, ita uti par fuit,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 15:

ut viro forti ac sapienti dignum fuit, ita calumniam ejus obtrivit,

Cic. Caecin. 7, 18.—In partic. with a superlative belonging to the principal sentence, attracted to the relative clause:

haec ut brevissime dici potuerunt, ita a me dicta sunt (= ita breviter dicta sunt ut dici potuerunt),

Cic. de Or. 2, 41, 174.—So ut qui, with sup.:

te enim semper sic colam et tuebor ut quem diligentissime,

Cic. Fam. 12, 62 fin.; without sic or ita:

causas ut honorificentissimis verbis consequi potero, complectar,

id. Phil. 14, 11, 29:

sed exigenda est ut optime possumus,

Quint. 12, 10, 38.—And with comp.:

eruditus autem sic ut nemo Thebanus magis,

Nep. Epam. 2, 1; cf.:

ad unguem Factus homo, non ut magis alter, amicus,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 33:

cocto Chium sic convenit, ut non Hoc magis ullum aliud,

id. ib. 2, 8, 48.—

Doubled ut ut, as indefinite relative, = utcumque, in whatever manner, howsoever (mostly ante-class.; only with indic.):

gaudeo, ut ut erga me est merita,

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 52:

age jam, utut est, etsi'st dedecori, patiar,

id. Bacch. 5, 2, 85:

utut est, mihi quidem profecto cum istis dictis mortuo'st,

id. Ps. 1, 3, 76:

utut res sese habet, pergam, etc.,

id. Most. 3, 1, 14:

non potis est pietati opsisti huic, ututi res sunt ceterae,

id. Ps. 1, 3, 36; id. Cist. 1, 1, 110:

sed ut ut haec sunt, tamen hoc faciam,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 46; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 4; id. Heaut. 1, 2, 26; id. Ad. 2, 2, 40; 4, 4, 22:

ut ut est res, casus consilium nostri itineris judicabit,

Cic. Att. 15, 25 B. and K. (dub.;

v. Orell. ad loc.): sed ut ut est, indulge valetudini tuae,

id. Fam. 16, 18, 1 dub. (al. ut est).—

Causal, as, = prout, pro eo ut.

Introducing a general statement, in correspondence with the particular assertion of the principal clause, ut = as, considering... that, in accordance with:

atque, ut nunc sunt maledicentes homines, uxori meae mihique objectent, lenociniam facere,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 75:

ut aetas mea est, atque ut huic usus facto est,

id. Men. 5, 2, 1:

haud scio hercle ut homo'st, an mutet animum,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 2, 9:

praesertim, ut nunc sunt mores,

id. ib. 1, 2, 5:

atque ille, ut semper fuit apertissimus, non se purgavit, sed, etc.,

Cic. Mur. 25, 51:

permulta alia colligit Chrysippus, ut est in omni historia curiosus,

id. Tusc. 1, 45, 108:

magnifice et ornate, ut erat in primis inter suos copiosus, convivium comparat,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 65:

Kal. Sextilibus, ut tunc principium anni agebatur, consulatum ineunt,

Liv. 3, 6, 1:

tribuni, ut fere semper reguntur a multitudine magis quam regunt, dedere plebi, etc.,

id. 3, 71, 5:

transire pontem non potuerunt, ut extrema resoluta erant, etc.,

id. 21, 47, 3.—Ellipt.:

mortales multi, ut ad ludos, convenerant (ut fit, si ludi sunt),

Plaut. Men. prol. 30:

Epicharmi, acuti nec insulsi hominis, ut Siculi,

as was natural, he being a Sicilian, Cic. Tusc. 1, 8, 15; so,

Diogenes, liberius, ut Cynicus... inquit,

id. ib. 5, 33, 92:

ceterum haec, ut in secundis rebus, segniter otioseque gesta,

Liv. 23, 14, 1.—

Reflecting the assertion to particular circumstances, etc., ut = for, as, considering:

hic Geta ut captus est servorum, non malus,

Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 34:

ut est captus hominum,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 27, 65; Caes. B. G. 4, 3: Themistocles ut apud nos perantiquus, ut apud Athenienses non ita sane vetus, in regard to us, etc., Cic. Brut. 10, 41:

Caelius Antipater, scriptor, ut temporibus illis, luculentus,

for those times, id. ib. 26, 102:

nonnihil, ut in tantis malis est profectum,

considering the unfortunate state of affairs, id. Fam. 12, 2, 2:

(orationis genus) ut in oratore exile,

for an orator, id. Or. 3, 18, 66:

multae (erant in Fabio) ut in homine Romano, litterae,

id. Sen. 4, 12:

consultissimus vir, ut in illa quisquam esse aetate poterat,

Liv. 1, 18, 1:

florentem jam ut tum res erant,

id. 1, 3, 3:

Apollonides orationem salutarem, ut in tali tempore, habuit,

id. 24, 28, 1:

Sp. Maelius, ut illis temporibus praedives,

id. 4, 13, 1: insigni, ut illorum temporum habitus erat, triumpho, id. 10, 46, 2:

Ardeam Rutuli habebant, gens ut in ea regione atque in ea aetate divitiis praepollens,

id. 1, 57, 1:

vir, ut inter Aetolos, facundus,

id. 32, 33, 9:

Meneclidas, satis exercitatus in dicendo, ut Thebanus scilicet,

Nep. Epam. 5, 2:

ad magnam deinde, ut in ea regione, urbem pervenit,

Curt. 9, 1, 14:

multum, ut inter Germanos, rationis ac sollertiae,

Tac. G. 30. —

Ut before relatives, with subj., as it is natural for persons who, like one who, since he, since they, etc.; seeing that they, etc. (not in Cic.):

non demutabo ut quod certo sciam,

seeing that I know it for certain, Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 153:

prima luce sic ab castris proficiscuntur ut quibus esset persuasum non ab hoste, sed ab homine amicissimo consilium datum,

Caes. B. G. 5, 31, 6:

facile persuadent (Lucumoni) ut cupido honorum, et cui Tarquinii materna tantum patria esset,

Liv. 1, 34, 6:

inde consul, ut qui jam ad hostes perventum cerneret, explorato, etc., procedebat,

id. 38, 18, 7:

Philippus, ut cui de summa rerum adesset certamen, adhortandos milites ratus, etc.,

id. 33, 4, 11:

Tarquinius ad jus regni nihil praeter vim habebat, ut qui neque populi jussu, neque auctoribus patribus regnaret,

id. 1, 49, 3; 25, 23, 3:

Aequorum exercitus, ut qui permultos annos imbelles egissent, sine ducibus certis, sine imperio,

id. 9, 45, 10:

igitur pro se quisque inermes, ut quibus nihil hostile suspectum esset, in agmen Romanum ruebant,

id. 30, 6, 3; 23, 15, 4; 23, 29, 12:

omnia nova offendit, ut qui solus didicerit quod inter multos faciendum est,

as is natural in one who, since he, Quint. 1, 2, 19:

in omni autem speciali inest generalis, ut quae sit prior,

id. 3, 5, 9:

ignara hujusce doctrinae loquacitas erret necesse est, ut quae vel multos vel falsos duces habeat,

id. 12, 2, 20; 5, 14, 28; 11, 3, 53.—Rarely with participle:

ne Volsci et Aequi... ad urbem ut ex parte captam venirent,

Liv. 3, 16, 2:

gens ferox cum procul visis Romanorum signis, ut extemplo proelium initura, explicuisset aciem, etc.,

id. 7, 23, 6.—

With perinde or pro eo, with reference to several alternatives or degrees to be determined by circumstances, as, according as, to the extent that, in the measure that, etc.:

perinde ut opinio est de cujusque moribus, ita quid ab eo factum et non factum sit, existimari potest,

Cic. Clu. 25, 70:

in exspectatione civitas erat, perinde ut evenisset res, ita communicatos honores habitura,

Liv. 7, 6, 8: pro eo ut temporis difficultas aratorumque penuria tulit, Metell. ap. Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 126.—

Transf. of local relations, like Gr. hina, where (very rare):

in eopse astas lapide, ut praeco praedicat,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 7, 17:

flumen uti adque ipso divortio (aquae sunt),

Lucil. 8, 18 Mull.:

in extremos Indos, Litus ut longe resonante Eoa Tunditur unda,

Cat. 11, 2 sqq.; 17, 10; cf. Verg. A. 5, 329; Lucr. 6, 550 Munro ad loc.

Introducing comparative clauses of manner, = eodem modo quo, as, like.

In gen.

With sic as correlative:

haec res sic est ut narro tibi,

Plaut. Most. 4, 3, 40:

quae si ut animis sic oculis videre possemus, nemo de divina ratione dubitaret,

Cic. N. D. 2, 39, 99:

Pomponium Atticum sic amo ut alterum fratrem,

id. Fam. 13, 1, 5:

si sic ageres ut de eis egisti qui jam mortui sunt... ne tu in multos Autronios incurreres,

id. Brut. 72, 251:

sic, Scipio, ut avus hic tuus, ut ego, justitiam cole,

id. Rep. 6, 15, 15:

ut dicere alia aliis magis concessum est, sic etiam facere,

id. Quint. 11, 3, 150 (for ut... sic, in similes, v. sic, IV. 1. a.).—

With ita as correlative:

ut sementem feceris, ita metes,

Cic. Or. 2, 65, 261:

quamobrem, ut ille solebat, ita nunc mea repetat oratio populi origines,

id. Rep. 2, 1. 3:

non ut injustus in pace rex ita dux belli pravus fuit,

Liv. 1, 53, 1:

ut haec in unum congeruntur, ita contra illa dispersa sunt,

Quint. 9, 3, 39.—

With other correlatives:

in balteo tracta ex caseo ad eundem modum facito ut placentum sine melle,

Cato, R. R. 78:

encytum ad eundem modum facito uti globos,

id. ib. 80:

cum animi inaniter moveantur eodem modo rebus his quae nulla sint ut iis quae sint,

Cic. Ac. 2, 15, 47:

disputationem exponimus, eisdem fere verbis, ut disputatumque est,

id. Tusc. 2, 3, 9: scelerum caput, ut tute es item omnis censes esse' [p. 1941] Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 55:

ut filium bonum patri esse oportet, item ego sum patri,

id. Am. 3, 4, 9:

fecisti item ut praedones solent,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 9, § 21:

item ut illo edicto de quo ante dixi... edixit, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 1, 45, § 117;

so with item,

id. Or. 60, 202:

is reliquit filium Pariter moratum ut pater eius fuit,

Plaut. Aul. prol. 21.—With atque:

nec fallaciam astutiorem ullus fecit Poeta atque ut haec est fabrefacta a nobis,

Plaut. Cas. 5, 1, 7.—And after aliter = than:

si aliter ut dixi accidisset,

Cic. Rep. 1, 4, 7.—

Without correlative:

rem omnem uti acta erat cognovit,

Sall. J. 71, 5:

quare perge ut instituisti,

Cic. Rep. 2, 11, 22:

apud me, ut apud bonum judicem, argumenta plus quam testes valent,

id. ib. 1, 38, 59:

miscent enim illas et interponunt vitae, ut ludum jocumque inter seria,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 12, 2:

comitetur voluptas, et circa corpus ut umbra versetur,

id. ib. 13, 5:

ut in animum ejus oratio, ut sol in oculos, incurrat,

Quint. 8, 2, 23.—

In partic.

Ut... ita or ut... sic; co-ordinate, introducing contrasted clauses.

= cum... tum, as... so, as on the one hand... so on the other, both and:

ut errare potuisti, sic decipi te non potuisse, quis non videt?

Cic. Fam. 10, 20, 2:

ut Poeni ad moenia urbis Romanae nullo prohibente se pervenisse in gloria ponebant, ita pigebat irriti incepti,

Liv. 26, 37, 6:

Dolabellam ut Tarsenses ita Laodiceni ultra arcessierunt,

Cic. Fam. 12, 13, 4:

fert sortem suam quisque ut in ceteris rebus ita in amicitiis,

Sen. Ben. 2, 28, 3.—

Concessive, = etsi... tamen, although... yet:

consul, ut fortasse vere, sic parum utiliter in praesens certamen, respondit, etc.,

Liv. 4, 6, 2:

Saguntini, ut a proeliis quietem habuerant per aliquot dies, ita non cessaverant ab opere,

id. 21, 11, 5:

ut quies certaminum erat, ita ab apparatu operum nihil cessatum,

id. 21, 8, 1:

haec omnia ut invitis, ita non adversantibus patriciis transacta,

id. 3, 55, 15:

in agrum Nolanum exercitum traducit, ut non hostiliter statim, ita... nihil praetermissurus,

id. 23, 14, 6; 23, 34, 12:

uti longe a luxuria, ita famae propior,

Tac. Agr. 6:

ut multo infirmior, ita aliquatenus lucidior,

Quint. 10, 1, 74:

ut est utilis saepe... ita obstabit melioribus,

id. 12, 2, 12:

quod, ut optimum est, ita longe quidem, sed sequitur tamen,

id. 5, 12, 9; cf. id. 10, 1, 62.—With certe in place of ita:

ut non demens, crudelis certe videtur,

Quint. 9, 2, 91.—

Ita... ut;

in oaths or strong asseverations: ita me di amabunt ut ego hunc ausculto lubens,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 5, 22:

ita me di ament ut ego nunc non tam meapte causa Laetor quam illius,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 8:

ita me di amabunt, ut nunc Menedemi vicem Miseret me,

id. ib. 4, 5, 1:

ita vivo ut maximos sumptus facio,

Cic. Att. 5, 15, 2.—So with sic:

sic me di amabunt ut me tuarum miseritum'st fortunarum,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 54.—

In exemplifications.

In gen., as for example, for instance:

nam aut ipsa cognitio rei perquiritur, ut: virtus suam ne, etc., aut agendi consilium exquiritur, ut: sitne sapienti, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 29, 112:

sunt bestiae in quibus inest aliquid simile virtutis, ut in leonibus, ut in canibus, in equis, etc.,

id. Fin. 5, 14, 38:

in libero populo, ut Rhodi, ut Athenis, nemo est civium qui, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 31, 47:

qui rem publicam constituissent, ut Cretum Minos, Lacedaemoniorum Lycurgus, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 1, 2; id. Ac. 2, 24, 76; id. Inv. 2, 52, 157:

est aliquid quod dominus praestare servo debeat, ut cibaria, ut vestiarium,

Sen. Ben. 3, 21, 2:

est etiam amarum quiddam... et aere, ut illud Crassi Ego te consulem putem? etc.,

Quint. 8, 3, 89; 4, 3, 12.—Where several instances are adduced, if each of them singly is made prominent, ut is repeated with each;

if they are taken in a group, ut occurs but once, e. g. quod erant, qui aut in re publica, propter sapientiam florerent, ut Themistocles, ut Pericles, ut Theramenes, aut, qui.. sapientiae doctores essent, ut Gorgias, Thrasymachus, Isocrates, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 16, 59.—

Ut si, if for instance; for example, if, etc.; with subj.:

ut si accusetur is qui P. Sulpicium se fateatur occidisse,

Auct. Her. 1, 15, 25:

ut si quis hoc velit ostendere, eum qui parentem necarit, etc.,

Cic. Inv. 2, 15, 48:

ut si qui docilem faciat auditorem, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 18, 26:

ut si qui in foro cantet,

id. Off. 1, 40, 145:

ut si quis ei quem urgeat fames venenum ponat,

Liv. 6, 40, 12; cf. Auct. Her. 2, 26, 4; 2, 27, 43; 3, 2, 2; Cic. Inv. 1, 49, 92:

ut si obsessi de facienda ad hostem deditione deliberent,

Quint. 3, 8, 23:

ut si des arma timidis et imbellibus,

id. 12, 5, 2; 5, 10, 34; 2, 4, 18; 9, 2, 79 et saep.—So with cum:

ut cum marem feminamque filios dicimus,

Quint. 9, 3, 63; 1, 6, 22; 3, 8, 30; 9, 1, 3.—

Before an appositive noun, as, the same as, like:

qui canem et felem ut deos colunt,

Cic. Leg. 1, 11, 32:

ut militiae Africanum ut deum coleret Laelius,

id. Rep. 1, 12, 18:

suam vitam ut legem praefert suis civibus,

id. ib. 1, 34, 52:

habuit (ei) honorem ut proditori, non ut amico fidem,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 38:

Hannibalem, non ut prudentem tantum virum, sed ut vatem omnium quae tum evenirent admirari,

Liv. 36, 15, 2: (Dionysium) dimisi a me ut magistrum Ciceronum non lubenter;

ut hominem ingratum non invitus,

in his capacity of, Cic. Att. 8, 10:

qui ante captas Syracusas non desciverant... ut socii fideles accepti, quos metus post captas Syracusas dediderat, ut victi a victore leges acceperunt,

Liv. 25, 40, 4:

qui et ipsum, ut ambiguae fidei virum, suspectum jam pridem habebat,

id. 24, 45, 12:

Cicero ea quae nunc eveniunt cecinit ut vates,

Nep. Att. 16:

et ipsam (virtutem) ut deos, et professores ejus ut antistites colite,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 7:

hunc ut deum homines intuebuntur,

Quint. 12, 10, 65:

id ut crimen ingens expavescendum est,

id. 9, 3, 35.—

Ut si = quasi, velut si, tamquam si, as if, just as if:

mater coepit studiose... educere ita uti si esset filia,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 37:

Rufio tuus ita desiderabatur ut si esset unus e nobis,

Cic. Fam. 7, 20, 1:

ejus negotium sic velim suscipias ut si esset res mea,

id. ib. 2, 14, 1:

ita se gerant in istis Asiaticis itineribus ut si iter Appia via faceres,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 6:

qui aliis nocent ut in alios liberales sint, in eadem sunt injustitia ut si in suam rem aliena convertant,

id. Off. 1, 14, 42; id. Opt. Gen. 4, 10:

similes sunt ut si qui gubernatorem in navigando nihil agere dicant,

like men who should say, Cic. Sen. 6, 17: similiter facere eos... ut si nautae certarent, etc., they act like sailors who, etc., id. Off. 1, 25, 87.—

Ut quisque... ita (sic), with superlatives (= eo magis... quo magis, with indefinite subjects): ut quisque est vir optimus, ita difficillime alios improbos suspicatur, the better a man is, the more difficult it is for him to, etc., Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 4, § 12:

ut quaeque res est turpissima, sic maxime et maturissime vindicanda est,

id. Caecin. 2, 7:

ut quisque (morbus) est difficillimus, ita medicus nobilissimus quaeritur,

id. Clu. 21, 57:

ut quisque te maxime cognatione... attingebat, ita maxime manus tua putabatur,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 27; id. Off. 1, 16, 50; 1, 19, 64:

nam ut quaeque forma perfectissima ita capacissima est,

Quint. 1, 10, 40.—This construction is variously modified,

With ita understood:

facillime ad res injustas impellitur ut quisque altissimo animo est,

Cic. Off. 1, 19, 65. —

With virtual superlatives:

ut quisque in fuga postremus ita in periculo princeps erat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 34, § 90:

ut quisque optime institutus est, esse omnino nolit in vita, si, etc.,

id. Fin. 5, 20, 57.—

The superlatives omitted in either clause:

ut quisque aetate antecedit, ita sententiae principatum tenet,

Cic. Sen. 18, 64:

ut quisque aetate et honore antecedebat, ita sententiam dixit,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 64, § 143:

pro se quisque, ut in quoque erat auctoritatis plurimum, ad populum loquebatur,

id. ib. 2, 1, 27, §

68: ut quisque gradu proximus erat, ita ignominiae objectus,

Liv. 9, 6, 1:

ut quisque maxime laboraret locus, aut ipse occurrebat, aut aliquos mittebat,

id. 34, 38, 6.—And with tum = ita:

nec prodesse tantum, sed etiam amari potest, tum... ut quisque erit Ciceroni simillimus,

in proportion to his resemblance, Quint. 2, 5, 20.—

With a comparative in one of the terms:

major autem (societas est) ut quisque proxime accederet,

Cic. Lael. 5, 19.—

Without superlative, as, according as:

de captivis, ut quisque liber aut servus esset, suae fortunae a quoque sumptum supplicium est,

Liv. 3, 18, 10 (for ut quisque... ita, in temporal clauses, v. B. 3. g infra).—

Introducing a temporal clause, the principal predicate being an immediate sequence; orig. = quo tempore.

With perf. indic.

In gen., as soon as:

principio ut illo advenimus... continuo Amphitruo delegit viros, etc.,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 49:

ut hinc te intro ire jussi, opportune hic fit mi obviam,

Ter. And. 3, 4, 11:

ut abii abs te fit forte obviam Mihi Phormio,

id. Phorm. 4, 3, 12:

ut modo argentum tibi dedimus apud forum, recta domum Sumus profecti,

id. ib. 5, 6, 19; id. Hec. 3, 3, 5; 5, 1, 26; id. Eun. 4, 7, 12:

qui ut peroravit, surrexit Clodius,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 3, 2:

eumque ut salutavit, amicissime apprehendit,

id. Rep. 1, 11, 7:

qui ut huc venit... hominesque Romanos bellicis studiis ut vidit incensos, existimavit, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 13, 25; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Phil. 9, 4, 9; id. Brut. 8, 30:

ut vero aquam ingressi sunt... tum utique egressis rigere omnibus corpora,

Liv. 21, 54, 9:

ut haec dicta in senatu sunt, dilectus edicitur,

id. 3, 10, 9; 23, 34, 6; 24, 44, 10.—

In oblique discourse:

Ariovistum, ut semel Gallorum copias vicerit, superbe et crudeliter imperare,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31.—

With primum, when first, as soon as ever:

atque ego, ut primum fletu represso loqui posse coepi, Quaeso inquam, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 6, 15, 15:

Siculi, ut primum videre volgari morbos, in suas quisque urbes dilapsi sunt,

Liv. 25, 26, 13: ut primum lingua coepit esse in quaestu, curam morum qui diserti habebantur reliquerunt, Quint. prooem. 13.—

Rarely of coincidence in time:

nam ut dudum adcurrimus ad Alcesimarchum... tum mi puto prae timore hic excidisse Cistellam,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 46.—

Ut = ex quo tempore. since:

ut Brundusio profectus es, nullae mihi abs te sunt redditae litterae,

Cic. Att. 1, 15, 2.—

With imperf. indic.

In gen.: Fabii oratio fuit qualis biennio ante;

deinde, ut vincebatur consensu, versa ad P. Decium collegam poscendum,

Liv. 10, 22, 2:

deinde ut nulla vi perculsos sustinere poterat, Quid ultra moror, inquit, etc.,

id. 10, 28, 20:

Marcellus, ut tanta vis ingruebat mali, traduxerat in urbem suos,

id. 25, 26, 15:

ut vero... exurebatur amoenissimus Italiae ager, villaeque passim incendiis fumabant... tum prope de integro seditione accensi,

id. 22, 14, 1.— And with perf. and imperf. in co-ordinate clauses:

consules, ut ventum ad Cannas est, et in conspectu Poenum habebant,

Liv. 22, 44, 1:

ut in extrema juga ventum, et hostes sub oculis erant,

id. 22, 14, 3:

ut Poenus apparuit in collibus, et pauci... adferebant, etc.,

id. 24, 1, 6.—

Of repeated past actions, whenever:

ut quaeque pars castrorum nudata defensoribus premi videbatur, eo occurrere et auxilium ferre,

Caes. B. G. 3, 4.—

With plupf.

= postquam (rare):

ut hinc forte ea ad obstetricem erat missa,

Ter. Ad. 4, 4, 10:

ut ad mare nostrae cohortes excubuerant, accessere subito prima luce Pompejani,

Caes. B. C. 3, 63.—

In epistolary style = the Engl. perf.:

litteras scripsi... statim ut tuas legeram (= litteras nunc scribo, ut tuas legi),

Cic. Att. 2, 12, 4:

ut Athenas a. d. VII. Kal. Quinct. veneram, exspectabam ibi jam quartum diem Pomptinium (= ut veni, exspecto),

id. ib. 5, 10, 1.—

Of repeated past actions, whenever:

ut cujusque sors exciderat... alacer arma capiebat,

Liv. 21, 42, 3 dub.:

ut quisque istius animum offenderat, in lautumias statim coniciebatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 55, § 143:

ut quidque ego apprehenderam, statim accusator extorquebat e manibus,

id. Clu. 19, 52:

ut cuique erat locus attributus, ad munitiones accedunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 81; cf.:

ut quisque arma ceperat... inordinati in proelium ruunt,

Liv. 23, 27, 5.—With ita as correl.:

ut enim quisque contra voluntatem ejus dixerat, ita in eum judicium de professione jugerum postulabatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 15, § 39.—

With fut. perf., or, in oblique discourse, plupf. subj.:

neque, ut quaeque res delata ad nos erit, tum denique scrutari locos debemus,

Cic. Or. 2, 34, 146:

traditum esse ut quando aqua Albana abundasset, tum... victoriam de Veientibus dari,

Liv. 5, 15, 11 (for ut after simul, v. simul, VI.).—

Introducing substantive clauses, that; always with subj. (cf. ut as interrog. adverb in dependent clauses, I. A. 3. supra).

In object clauses.

In clauses which, if independent, would take the imperative mood, often rendered by the Engl. infinitive.

After verbs denoting [p. 1942] to wish, request, pray, demand, or invite:

malim istuc aliis ita videatur quam uti tu, soror, te collaudes,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 18:

equidem mallem ut ires,

Cic. Att. 1, 16, 8:

equidem vellem ut pedes haberent (res tuae),

id. Fam. 7, 31, 2:

volo uti mihi respondeas num quis, etc.,

id. Vatin. 7, 17:

precor (deos) ut his infinitis nostris malis contenti sint,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 9:

postulo ut ne quid praejudicati afferatis,

id. Clu. 2, 5:

petebant uti equites praemitterent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 11:

tibi instat Hortensius ut eas in consilium,

Cic. Quint. 10, 34:

hoc ut aliquando fieret, instabat,

Sen. Clem. 2, 1, 2:

illum Dolabellae dixisse (= eum rogasse) ut ad me scriberet (= me rogaret), ut in Italiam quam primum venirem,

Cic. Att. 11, 7, 2:

cupio ut quod nunc natura et impetus est, fiat judicium,

Sen. Clem. 2, 2, 2:

senectutem ut adipiscantur omnes optant,

Cic. Lael. 2, 4:

exigo a me, non ut optimis par sim, sed ut malis melior,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 17, 3.—With ut ne = ne:

Trebatio mandavi, ut, si quid te eum velles ad me mittere, ne recusaret,

Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 2; Tac. H. 4, 58 fin. —Also without verb, like utinam, to express a wish;

esp. in imprecations (ante-class.): ut te cum tua Monstratione magnus perdat Juppiter,

Ter. Ad. 4, 6, 2:

ut illum di deaeque perdant,

id. Eun. 2, 3, 10; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 6.—

After verbs expressing or implying advice, suggestion, or exhortation:

ego vos hortari tantum possum ut, etc.,

Cic. Lael. 5, 17:

quod suades ut ad Quinctium scribam, etc.,

id. Att. 11, 16, 4:

tibi auctor sum ut eum tibi ordinem reconcilies,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 26:

censeo ut iter reliquum conficere pergas,

I propose, id. Or. 2, 71, 200; Caes. B. C. 1, 2; Liv. 30, 40, 4:

dixeram a principio ut sileremus,

I had advised, Cic. Brut. 42, 157:

Pompejum monebat ut meam domum metueret,

id. Sest. 64, 133:

equidem suasi ut Romam pergeret,

id. Att. 16, 8, 2:

M. Messalae et ipsi Attico dixit ut sine cura essent,

exhorted, id. ib. 16, 16, A, 5.—

After verbs expressing resolution or agreement to do something:

rus ut irem jam heri constitiveram,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 136:

decrevistis ut de praemiis militum primo quoque tempore referretur,

Cic. Phil. 5, 2, 4:

constitueram ut pridie Idus Aquini manerem,

id. Att. 16, 10, 1:

statuunt ut decem millia hominum in oppidum submittantur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 21:

Hasdrubal paciscitur cum Celtiberorum principibus ut copias inde abducant,

Liv. 25, 33, 3:

illos induxisse in animum, ut superbo quondam regi, tum infesto exuli proderent (patriam),

id. 2, 5, 7; 27, 9, 9; 42, 25, 11:

ut ne plebi cum patribus essent conubia sanxerunt,

Cic. Rep. 2, 27, 63:

servitia urbem ut incenderent conjurarunt,

Liv. 4, 45, 1.—

After verbs of command or prohibition:

imperat Laelio ut per collis circumducat equites,

Liv. 28, 33, 11:

illud praecipiendum fuit ut... diligentiam adhiberemus,

Cic. Lael. 16, 60:

M. Aemilio senatus negotium dat ut Patavinorum seditionem comprimeret,

Liv. 41, 27, 3:

consul edicere est ausus ut senatus ad vestitum rediret,

Cic. Pis. 8, 18:

jubet sententiam ut dicant suam,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 50:

hic tibi in mentem non venit jubere ut haec quoque referret,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 28.—With ne:

iis praedixit, ut ne prius Lacedaemoniorum legatos dimitteret, quam ipse esset remissus,

Nep. Them. 7, 3.—

Verbs expressing permission:

atque ille legem mihi de XII. tabulis recitavit quae permittit ut furem noctu liceat occidere,

Cic. Tull. 20, 47:

concedo tibi ut ea praetereas quae, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 19, 54:

dabis mihi hanc veniam ut eorum... auctoritatem Graecis anteponam,

id. de Or. 1, 6, 23:

ille tibi potestatem facturus est ut eligas utrum velis,

id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 45:

illud natura non patitur ut aliorum spoliis nostras facultates augeamus,

id. Off. 3, 5, 22.—

In dependent clauses implying an aim or end.

After verbs denoting direction and inclination of the mind, care, purpose, intention, or striving:

ut plurimis prosimus enitimur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 2, 6:

facilior erit ut albam esse nivem probet quam erat Anaxagoras,

he will be more inclined, disposed, id. ib. 2, 36, 117: ne ille longe aberit ut argumento credat philosophorum, far remote from believing = not inclined, id. ib. 2, 47, 144: qui sibi hoc sumpsit ut conrigat mores aliorum, quis huic ignoscat si, who undertakes to correct, id. Verr. 2, 3, 1, § 2:

navem idoneam ut habeas diligenter videbis,

care, id. Fam. 16, 1, 2:

ille intellexit id agi atque id parari ut filiae suae vis afferretur,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 67:

pater potuit animum inducere ut naturam ipsam vinceret,

id. Rosc. Am. 19, 53:

cum senatus temptaret ut ipse gereret sine rege rem publicam,

id. Rep. 2, 12, 23:

equidem ut honore dignus essem, maxime semper laboravi,

id. Planc. 20, 50:

omni contentione pugnatum est ut lis haec capitis existimaretur,

id. Clu. 41, 116:

omnis spes ad id versa ut totis viribus terra adgrederentur,

Liv. 24, 34, 12:

omnis cura solet in hoc versari, semper ut boni aliquid efficiam dicendo,

Cic. de Or. 2, 75, 306:

se miliens morituros potius quam ut tantum dedecoris admitti patiantur,

Liv. 4, 2, 8; 2, 34, 11.—

Verbs of effecting:

nec potui tamen Propitiam Venerem facere uti esset mihi,

Plaut. Poen. 2, 6:

prior pars orationis tuae faciebat ut mori cuperem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 47, 112:

caritas annonae faciebat ut istuc... tempore magnum videretur,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 92, § 215:

sol efficit ut omnia floreant,

id. N. D. 2, 15, 41:

potest praestare ut ea causa melior esse videatur,

id. Or. 1, 10, 44:

non committam ut tibi ipse insanire videar,

id. Fam. 5, 5, 3:

di prohibeant, judices, ut hoc praesidium sectorum existimetur,

id. Rosc. Am. 52, 151:

effecisti ut viverem et morerer ingratus,

Sen. Ben. 2, 25, 1:

quibus nihil aliud actum est quam ut pudor hominibus peccandi demeretur,

id. Vit. Beat. 26, 6.—

Verbs of obtaining:

Dumnorix a Sequanis impetrat ut per fines suos Helvetios ire patiantur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 9:

quid assequitur, nisi hoc ut arent qui... in agris remanserunt,

what does he gain, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 55, § 128:

facile tenuit ut (Chalcidis) portae sibi aperirentur,

Liv. 35, 51, 6:

vicerunt tribuni ut legem perferrent,

id. 4, 25, 13.—

Verbs of inducing and compelling:

nec ut omnia quae praescripta sunt defendamus necessitate ulla cogimur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 3, 8:

civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis exirent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 2:

exspectatione promissi tui moveor ut admoneam te,

Cic. Fam. 9, 8, 1:

Parhedrum excita ut hortum ipse conducat,

id. ib. 16, 18, 2:

ille adduci non potest ut... ne lucem quoque hanc eripere cupiat, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 52, 150:

impellit alios avaritia, alios iracundia ut levem auditionem pro re comperta habeant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 42:

ut de clementia scriberem, Nero Caesar, una me vox tua maxime compulit,

Sen. Clem. 2, 1, 1.—

After verbs implying duty, right, rule, condition, or possibility:

cum mihi ne ut dubitem quidem relinquatur,

not even the possibility of doubt, Cic. Ac. 2, 38, 119:

obsides inter se dent, Sequani ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant, Helvetii ut sine maleficio transeant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 9:

se ita a majoribus didicisse ut magis virtute quam dolo contenderent,

id. ib. 1, 13:

mea lenitas hoc exspectavit ut id quod latebat erumperet,

Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 27:

(natura) nobis insculpsit in mentibus, ut eos (deos) aeternos et beatos haberemus,

id. N. D. 1, 17, 45:

hoc mihi Metellus non eripuit, hoc etiam addidit ut quererer hoc sociis imperari,

he gave the additional right, id. Verr. 2, 2, 68, § 164:

ut vero conloqui cum Orpheo, Musaeo, Homero liceat, quanti tandem aestimatis?

the privilege of conversing, id. Tusc. 1, 41, 98:

respondet Socrates sese meruisse ut amplissimis honoribus decoraretur,

id. Or. 1, 54, 272:

meruit ut suspendatur,

Sen. Ep. 7, 5:

quia enim non sum dignus prae te ut figam palum in parietem,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 4.—So after dignus, Liv. 24, 16, 19; Quint. 8, 5, 12.—

After verbs of fearing, where ut implies a wish contrary to the fear; that not:

rem frumentariam, ut satis commode supportari posset, timere se dicebant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 39:

vereor ut satis diligenter actum sit in senatu de litteris meis,

Cic. Att. 6, 4, 2:

verebar ut redderentur,

id. Fam. 12, 19, 1:

sin homo amens diripiendam urbem daturus est, vereor ut Dolabella ipse satis nobis prodesse possit,

id. ib. 14, 14, 1:

veretur Hiempsal ut foedus satis firmum sit,

id. Leg. 2, 22, 58:

timeo ut sustineas,

id. Fam. 14, 2, 3:

o puer, ut sis vitalis, metuo, et majorum ne quis amicus Frigore te feriat,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 60.— So sometimes after video, with weakened force: vide ut sit, nearly = perhaps it is not (cf. Roby, Gr. 2, p. 280): considerabitis, vestri similes feminae sintne Romae;

si enim non sunt, videndum est, ut honeste vos esse possitis,

Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 1.—Very rarely ut stands for ne after verbs of fearing:

quia nihil minus, quam ut egredi obsessi moenibus auderent, timeri poterat,

Liv. 28, 22, 12 Weissenb. ad loc.:

ut ferula caedas meritum... non vereor,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 120 Jan. and Orell. ad loc. —

In interrogative clauses represented as untrue, rejecting a supposition or thought with indignation (nearly = fierine potest ut):

me ut quisquam norit, nisi ille qui praebet cibum?

Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 52:

te ut ulla res frangat, tu ut umquam te corrigas?

Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 22:

egone ut te interpellem?

id. Tusc. 2, 18, 42:

pater ut in judicio capitis obesse filio debeat?

id. Planc. 13, 31:

egone ut prolis meae fundam cruorem?

Sen. Med. 927.—

In subject clauses, with impersonal predicates.

With a predicate adjective.

With the idea of rule, duty, etc.:

id arbitror Adprime in vita utile esse, ut ne quid nimis,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 34:

reliquum est ut de Catuli sententia dicendum videatur,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 59:

praeclarum est et verum ut eos qui nobis carissimi esse debeant, aeque ac nosmet ipsos amemus,

id. Tusc. 3, 29, 73:

ergo hoc sit primum ut demonstremus quem imitetur,

id. de Or. 2, 22, 90:

proximum est ut doceam, etc.,

id. N. D. 2, 29, 73:

extremum est ut te orem, etc.,

id. Fam. 4, 13, 7:

ei (Dionysio) ne integrum quidem erat ut ad justitiam remigraret,

permission, id. Tusc. 5, 21, 62. —With predicates, aequum est, par (anteclass. and rare):

aequom videtur tibi ut ego alienum quod est Meum esse dicam?

Plaut. Rud. 4, 7, 4:

non par videtur... praesente ibus una paedagogus ut siet,

id. Bacch. 1, 2, 31.—

In clauses expressing result and consequence:

magnificum illud etiam et gloriosum ut Graecis de philosophia litteris non egeant, illud,

that result of my labors, Cic. Div. 2, 2, 5:

consentaneum est huic naturae ut sapiens velit gerere et administrare rem publicam,

id. Fin. 3, 20, 68. —

In clauses represented as real, true, false, certain, or probable (where the acc. and inf. might be used):

concedetur verum esse ut bonos boni diligant,

Cic. Lael. 14, 50: sin autem illa veriora ut idem interitus animorum et corporum, etc., id. ib 4, 14; cf.:

concedant ut hi viri boni fuerin (= concedant vere factum esse ut, etc.),

id. ib. 5, 18:

si verum est ut populus Romanus omnis gentes virtute superarit, etc.,

Nep. Hann. 1, 1:

de ipso Roscio potest illud quidem esse falsum ut circumligatus fuerit, angui,

Cic. Div. 2, 31, 66:

non est verisimile ut Chrysogonus horum litteras adamarit aut humanitatem,

id. Rosc. Am. 41, 121:

deos verisimile est ut alios indulgentius tractent propter parentis, alios propter futuram posterorum indolem,

Sen. Ben. 4, 32, 1; so,

rarum est ut,

Quint. 3, 19, 3:

quid tam inusitatum quam ut, etc.,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 21, 62.—And after potius:

multi ex plebe spe amissa potius quam ut cruciarentur... se in Tiberim praecipitaverunt,

Liv. 4, 12, 11.—

With predicate nouns.

Expressing the idea of a verb which would require an object clause, with ut:

quoniam ut aliter facias non est copia,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 30:

Romano in hostico morandi causa erat ut hostem ad certamen eliceret,

Liv. 6, 31, 7:

vetus est lex amicitiae ut idem amici semper velint,

Cic. Planc. 2, 5:

consensus fuit senatus ut mature proficisceremur (= decretum est a senatu),

id. Fam. 3, 3, 1:

fuit hoc sive meum, sive rei publicae fatum ut in me unum omnis illa inclinatio temporum incumberet,

ordained by fate, id. Balb. 26, 58:

tempus est ut eamus ad forum,

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 72:

dicasque tempus maximum esse ut eat,

id. ib. 4, 3, 9:

primum est officium ut homo se conservet in naturae statu,

Cic. Fin. 3, 6, 20:

ejus culturae hoc munus est ut efficiat, etc.,

id. ib. 4, 14, 38:

caput illud est ut Lyconem recipias in necessitudinem tuam,

duty, id. Fam. 13, 19, 3; so,

caput est ut, etc.,

id. de Or. 1, 19, 87:

fuit hoc quoddam inter Scipionem et Laelium jus ut Scipio Laelium observaret parentis loco,

id. Rep. 1, 12, 18:

mea ratio in dicendo haec esse solet ut boni quod habeat id amplectar,

id. de Or. 2, 72, 292; so,

ratio est ut,

id. Verr. 1, 11, 34: est mos hominum ut [p. 1943] nolint eundem pluribus excellere, id. Brut. 21, 84:

est hoc Gallicae consuetudinis ut, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 4, 5.—

Expressing result and consequence:

est hoc commune vitium in magnis liberisque civitatibus ut invidia gloriae comes sit,

Nep. Chabr. 3, 3.—

With impersonal verbs.

Including the idea of a verb requiring an object clause, with ut:

convenit, victi utri sint eo proelio, urbem, agrum... seque uti dederent,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 71:

mihi cum Dejotaro convenit ut ille in meis castris esset,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 14:

placitum est ut in aprico loco considerent,

id. Rep. 1, 12, 18:

postea mihi placuit ut, etc.,

id. Or. 1, 34, 155:

ad Appii Claudii senectutem accedebat etiam ut caecus esset,

id. Sen. 6, 16.—So after fit, it happens:

fit ut natura ipsa ad ornatius dicendi genus incitemur,

Cic. Or. 2, 83, 338:

potest fieri ut res verbosior haec fuerit, illa verior,

it may be that, id. Att. 8, 3, 6; id. Ac. 2, 11, 36; id. Verr. 2, 2, 77, § 190.—

So with accidit, evenit, contigit: accidit... ut illo itinere veniret Lampsacum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63; so id. Imp. Pomp. 9, 25:

sed tamen hoc evenit ut in vulgus insipientium opinio valeat,

id. Tusc. 2, 26, 63:

utinam Caesari contigisset ut esset optimo cuique carissimus,

id. Phil. 5, 18, 49.—

Denoting consequence:

ex quo efficitur ut quidquid honestum sit, idem sit utile,

Cic. Off. 2, 3, 10:

sequitur ut dicamus quae beneficia danda sint et quemadmodum,

Sen. Ben. 1, 11, 1:

sequitur ut causa ponatur,

Cic. Or. 2, 81, 331.—

Est, in the meaning fit, or causa est:

est ut plerique philosophi nulla tradant praecepta dicendi,

it is a fact that, Cic. Or. 2, 36, 152:

non est igitur ut mirandum sit ea praesentiri,

there is no reason for wondering, id. Div. 1, 56, 128:

quando fuit ut quod licet non liceret?

id. Cael. 20, 48; so, in eo est ut, prope est ut, to be on the point of, to be near to:

jam in eo rem fore ut Romani aut hostes aut domini habendi sint,

Liv. 8, 27, 3:

cum jam in eo esset ut comprehenderetur,

Nep. Paus. 5, 1; id. Milt. 7, 3:

jam prope erat ut ne consulum quidem majestas coerceret iras hominum,

Liv. 2, 23, 14:

prope est ut lamentationem exigat,

Sen. Clem. 2, 6, 4.— Here belongs the circumlocution of the periphrastic future by futurum esse or fore, with ut; generally in the inf.:

arbitrabar fore ut lex de pecuniis repetundis tolleretur,

Cic. Verr. 1, 14, 41.—Very rarely in the indic.:

futurum est ut sapiam,

Sen. Ep. 117, 29.—

In attributive clauses, dependent on nouns not belonging to the predicate.

With the idea of resolve, etc.:

vicit sententia ut mitterentur coloni,

Liv. 9, 26, 4:

sententiam dixit (= censuit) ut judicum comitia haberentur,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1, 2; id. Fam. 4, 4, 5; id. Tusc. 5, 41, 119; id. Leg. 3, 15, 33.—

Of agreement:

fide accepta ut remitterent eum,

Liv. 24, 48, 8. —

Of law, rule, etc.:

praetores rogationem promulgarunt ut omnes regiae stirpis interficerentur,

Liv. 24, 25, 10:

senatus consultum factum est ut M. Fulvius litteras extemplo ad consulem mitteret,

id. 35, 24, 2:

haec ei est proposita condicio ut aut juste accusaret aut acerbe moreretur,

Cic. Clu. 14, 42:

Suevi in eam se consuetudinem induxerunt ut locis frigidissimis lavarentur in fluminibus,

Caes. B. G. 4, 1.—

Of duty:

jusjurandum poscit ut quod esse ex usu Galliae intellexissent, communi consilio administrarent,

Caes. B. G. 8, 6. —

Of purpose, inclination, etc.:

vobis dent di mentem oportet ut prohibeatis, etc.,

make you inclined, Liv. 6, 18, 9:

causa mihi fuit huc veniendi ut quosdam hinc libros promerem,

Cic. Fin. 3, 2, 8:

confectio tabularum hanc habet vim (= efficit) ut quidquid fingatur aut non constet, appareat,

id. Font. 2, 3.—

Of effect, result, etc.:

fuit ista quondam virtus ut viri fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum quam hostem everterent,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 3:

habet hoc virtus ut viros fortis species ejus et pulchritudo etiam in hoste posita delectet,

id. Pis. 32, 81:

damnatum poenam sequi oportebat ut igni cremaretur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 4.—

In clauses of manner, that, so that.

With ita, sic, adeo, tantus, talis, or tam as antecedent (v. hh. vv.;

anteclass. ut qui = ut): Adeon' me fungum fuisse ut qui illi crederem?

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 49.—

With is or hic as antecedent: eos deduxi testes et eas litteras deportavi ut de istius facto dubium esse nemini possit, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 42, § 91:

ejusmodi res publica debet esse ut inimicus neque deesse nocenti possit, neque obesse innocenti (ejusmodi = talis),

id. ib. 2, 3, 69, §

162: eo perducam servum ut in multa liber sit,

Sen. Ben. 3, 19, 2:

non eo loco res humanae sunt ut vobis tantum otii supersit,

id. Vit. Beat. 27, 6:

haec aequitas in tuo imperio fuit, haec praetoris dignitas ut servos Siculorum dominos esse velles,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 38, § 87:

hoc jure sunt socii ut eis ne deplorare quidem de suis incommodis liceat,

id. ib. 2, 2, 27, § 65.—

Without antecedents, so that:

cujus aures clausae veritati sunt ut ab amico verum audire nequeat, hujus salus desperanda est,

Cic. Lael. 24, 90:

in virtute multi sunt ascensus, ut is maxima gloria excellat qui virtute plurimum praestet,

id. Planc. 25, 60:

mons altissimus impendebat ut perpauci prohibere possent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 6:

accessit quod Domitius Heraclea iter fecerat, ut ipsa fortuna illum obicere Pompejo videretur,

id. B. C. 3, 79:

pecunia a patre exacta crudeliter, ut divenditis omnibus bonis aliquamdiu trans Tiberim veluti relegatus viveret,

Liv. 3, 13, 10:

fama Gallici belli pro tumultu valuit ut et dictatorem dici placeret,

id. 8, 17, 6:

nihilo minus... magnas percipiendum voluptates, ut fatendum sit, etc.,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 12, 1.—

Idiomat. with non.

Ut non, when the principal sentence is negative, without: non possunt una in civitate multi rem ac fortunam amittere ut non plures secum in eandem trahant calamitatem, without dragging, etc., Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

flaminem Quirinalem neque mittere a sacris neque retinere possumus ut non deum aut belli deseramus curam,

Liv. 24, 8, 10:

non ita fracti animi civitatis erant ut non sentirent, etc.,

id. 45, 25, 12:

nusquam oculi ejus flectentur ut non quod indignentur inveniant,

Sen. Ira, 2, 7, 2:

ajunt, nec honeste quemquam vivere ut non jucunde vivat, nec jucunde ut non honeste quoque,

id. Vit. Beat. 6, 3:

nemo in eo quod daturus es gratiam suam facere potest ut non tuam minuat,

id. Ben. 2, 4, 3; cf. also: ut non conferam vitam neque existimationem tuam cum illius;

neque enim est conferenda (= ut omittam conferre),

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 20, § 45.—

Non ut, followed by sed quod, causal (= non quod, sed quod;

rare): earum exempla tibi misi non ut deliberarem reddendaene essent, sed quod non dubito, etc.,

not that... but because, Cic. Att. 14, 17, 4:

haec ad te scribo non ut queas tu demere solitudinem, sed, etc.,

id. ib. 11, 15, 3.—Followed by sed ut:

benigne accipe (beneficium): rettulisti gratiam, non ut solvisse te putes, sed ut securior debeas,

Sen. Ben. 2, 35, 5; and in reversed order: quorsum haec praeterita? Quia sequitur illud, etc.;

non ut eas res causam adferrent amoris,

Cic. Fat. 15, 35.—Rarely nedum ut, in the sense of nedum alone, much less that, not to mention that (mostly post-class.; cf.

Zumpt, Gram. § 573): ne voce quidem incommoda, nedum ut illa vis fieret, paulatim permulcendo mansuefecerant plebem,

Liv. 3, 14, 6 Weissenb. ad loc.:

quando enim... fama in totam urbem penetrat? nedum ut per tot provincias innotescat,

Tac. Or. 10.—

Conditional or concessive.

Granting that ( for argument's sake):

quod ut ita sit—nihil enim pugno—quid habet ista res aut laetabile aut gloriosum?

Cic. Tusc. 1, 21, 49:

sed ut haec concedantur, reliqua qui tandem intellegi possunt?

id. N. D. 3, 16, 41:

ut tibi concedam hoc indignum esse, tu mihi concedas necesse est, etc.,

id. Clu. 53, 146:

quae, ut essent vera, conjungi debuerunt,

id. Fin. 4, 15, 40:

quae natura ut uno consensu juncta sit et continens... quid habere mundus potest cum thesauri inventione conjunctum?

id. Div. 2, 14, 33:

nihil est prudentia dulcius, quam, ut cetera auferat, adfert certe senectus,

id. Tusc. 1, 39, 94.—

Even if, although:

qui (exercitus) si pacis... nomen audiverit, ut non referat pedem, insistet certe,

Cic. Phil. 12, 3, 8:

ut ea pars defensionis relinquatur, quid impediet actionem? etc.,

id. Ac. 2, 34, 108:

ut quaeras omnia, quomodo Graeci ineptum appellant non reperies,

id. de Or. 2, 4, 18:

ut enim neminem alium nisi T. Patinam rogasset, scire potuit, illo ipso die a Milone prodi flaminem,

id. Mil. 17, 46: verum ut hoc non sit, tamen praeclarum spectaculum mihi propono, id. Att. 2, 15; id. Leg. 1, 8, 23; id. Fat. 5, 9; id. Verr. 2, 3, 64, § 151; 2, 1, 45, § 117; id. Planc. 25, 62:

qui, ut non omnis peritissimus sim belli, cum Romanis certe bellare didici,

Liv. 36, 7, 20:

neque equites armis equisque salvis tantum vim fluminis superasse verisimile est, ut jam Hispanos omnes inflati travexerint utres,

id. 21, 47, 5:

at enim, ut jam ita sint haec, quid ad vos, Romani?

id. 34, 32, 13:

ut jam Macedonia deficiat,

id. 42, 12, 10:

cum jam ut virtus vestra transire alio possit, fortuna certe loci hujus transferri non possit,

id. 5, 54, 6; 22, 50, 2; cf.:

ac jam ut omnia contra opinionem acciderent, tamen se plurimum navibus posse,

Caes. B. G. 3, 9:

ut desint vires tamen est laudanda voluntas,

Ov. P. 3, 4, 79:

ut dura videatur appellatio, tamen sola est,

Quint. 3, 8, 25; 6, prooem. 15.—Ut maxime = si maxime:

quaere rationem cur ita videatur: quam ut maxime inveneris... non tu verum testem habere, sed eum non sine causa falsum testimonium dicere ostenderis,

Cic. Ac. 2, 25, 81.—With nihilominus:

quae (res) nihilominus, ut ego absim, confici poterunt,

Cic. Fam. 10, 2, 2.—

Provided that:

ambulatiuncula, ut tantum faciamus quantum in Tusculano fecimus, prope dimidio minoris constabit isto loco,

Cic. Att. 13, 39, 2: dabo egenti, sed ut ipse non egeam;

succurram perituro, sed ut ipse non peream,

Sen. Ben. 2, 15, 1.—

In clauses of purpose (final clauses; distinguished from object clauses with ut; v. C. 1., in which the verb itself contains the idea of purpose, the clause completing the idea of the verb), in order that, so that, so as to.

In gen.:

quin voco, ut me audiat, nomine illam suo?

Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 17:

haec acta res est uti nobiles restituerentur in civitatem,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 51, 149:

intellego, tempus hoc vobis divinitus datum esse ut odio... totum ordinem liberetis,

id. Verr. 1, 15, 43:

Caesar singulis legionibus singulos legatos praefecit uti eos testes suae quisque virtutis haberet,

Caes. B. G. 1, 52.—And with ut ne, instead of ne, lest:

id ut ne fiat, haec res sola est remedio,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 49; v. 1. ne, I. B. 4. a.—Very rarely, ut non for ne, expressing a negative purpose:

ut plura non dicam neque aliorum exemplis confirmem quantum valeat (= ut praeteream),

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; cf. d. a fin. supra.—

Esp., after certain antecedents.

After id, for the purpose (ante-class.):

id huc reverti uti me purgarem tibi,

Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 28.—

After idcirco:

idcirco amicitiae comparantur ut commune commodum mutuis officiis gubernetur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 111:

legum idcirco omnes servi sumus ut liberi esse possimus,

id. Clu. 53, 146; id. Rosc. Am. 47, 137.—

After ideo and eo:

non ideo Rhenum insedimus ut Italiam tueremur, sed ne quis, etc.,

Tac. H. 4, 73:

Marionem ad te eo misi ut aut tecum ad me quam primum veniret, aut, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 16, 1, 1.—

After ad eam rem, ad hoc, in hoc:

ad eam rem vos delecti estis ut eos condemnaretis quos sectores jugulare non potuissent?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 52, 151:

praebere se facilem ad hoc ut quem obligavit etiam exsolvi velit?

Sen. Ben. 2, 17, 6:

homo natus in hoc ut mores liberae civitatis Persica servitute mutaret,

id. ib. 2, 12, 2.—

After ea mente, hac mente:

navis onerarias Dolabella ea mente comparavit ut Italiam peteret,

Cic. Fam. 12, 14, 1:

hac mente laborem Sese ferre senes ut in otia tuta recedant Ajunt,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 30.—

After potius quam:

potius ad delendam memoriam dedecoris, quam ut timorem faciat,

Liv. 6, 28, 8:

potius quodcumque casus ferat passuros, quam ut sprevisse Tarentinos videantur,

id. 9, 14, 8.—

Idiomat.

With the principal predicate, referring to the conception of the writer, understood; mostly parenthet. = the Engl. inf.: ut in pauca conferam, testamento facto mulier moritur, to be brief, etc., Cic. Caecin. 6, 17:

ecquid tibi videtur, ut ad fabulas veniamus, senex ille Caecilianus minoris facere filium rusticum?

to come to the drama, id. Rosc. Am. 16, 46:

reliquum judicium de judicibus, et, vere ut dicam, de te futurum est,

to tell the truth, id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 177:

Murena, si nemini, ut levissime dicam, odio fuit,

to say the least, id. Mur. 40, 87: ut nihil de illo tempore, nihil de calamitate rei publicae [p. 1944] querar, hoc tibi respondeo, etc., not to complain of that time, etc., id. Caecin. 33, 95: quae cum se disposuit, et partibus suis consensit, et, ut ita dicam concinuit, summum bonum tetigit, and, so to speak, chimes in, etc., Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5:

ecce— ut idem in singulos annos orbis volveretur —Hernici nuntiant Volscos et Aequos reficere, etc.,

Liv. 3, 10, 8.—

Satis ut, enough to (lit. enough for the purpose of):

satis esse magna incommoda accepta ut reliquos casus timerent,

disasters large enough to make them afraid, Caes. B. C. 3, 10.—

Quam ut after comparatives, too much to:

quod praeceptum, quia major erat quam ut ab homine videretur, idcirco adsignatum est deo,

too great to come from man, Cic. Fin. 5, 16, 44:

quis non intellegit, Canachi signa rigidiora esse quam ut imitentur veritatem?

id. Brut. 18, 70:

clarior res erat quam ut tegi ac dissimulari posset,

too clear to be covered up, Liv. 26, 51, 11:

potentius jam id malum apparuit quam ut minores per magistratus sedaretur,

id. 25, 1, 11:

est tamen aliquis minor quam ut in sinu ejus condenda sit civitas,

Sen. Ben. 2, 16, 2.

ut or ŭtī (old form ŭtei, C. I. L. 1, 196, 4 sq.; 1, 198, 8 et saep.), adv. and conj. [for quoti or cuti, from pronom. stem ka-, Lat. quo-, whence qui, etc., and locat. ending -ti of stem to-, whence tum, etc.].

As adv. of manner.

Interrog. = quomodo, how, in what way or manner.

In independent questions (colloq.; rare in class. prose; not in Cic.): De. Quid? ut videtur mulier? Ch. Non, edepol, mala. De. Ut morata'st? Ch. Nullam vidi melius mea sententia, Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 56 sq.:

salve! ut valuisti? quid parentes mei? Valent?

id. ib. 5, 2, 107; id. Pers. 2, 5, 8:

ut vales?

id. Most. 2, 19, 29; 3, 2, 28; Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 26:

ut sese in Samnio res habent?

Liv. 10, 18, 11:

ut valet? ut meminit nostri?

Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 12; id. S. 2, 8, 1.—

In exclamatory sentences (in all periods of the language): ut omnia in me conglomerat mala! Enn. ap. Non. p. 90, 14 (Trag. Rel. v. 408 Vahl.):

ut corripuit se repente atque abiit! Hei misero mihi!

Plaut. Merc. 3, 4, 76:

ut dissimulat malus!

id. ib. 5, 4, 13:

ut volupe est homini si cluet victoria!

id. Poen. 5, 5, 15: ut multa verba feci;

ut lenta materies fuit!

id. Mil. 4, 5, 4:

ut scelestus nunc iste te ludos facit!

id. Capt. 3, 4, 47:

ut saepe summa ingenia in occulto latent,

id. ib. 1, 2, 61; id. Rud. 1, 2, 75; 2, 3, 33 sq.:

ut falsus animi est!

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 42:

heia! ut elegans est!

id. Heaut. 5, 5, 19:

fortuna ut numquam perpetua est bona!

id. Hec. 3, 3, 46; cf. id. Phorm. 5, 8, 52:

Gnaeus autem noster... ut totus jacet,

Cic. Att. 7, 21, 1:

quae ut sustinuit! ut contempsit, ac pro nihilo putavit!

id. Mil. 24, 64:

qui tum dicit testimonium ex nostris hominibus, ut se ipse sustentat! ut omnia verba moderatur, ut timet ne quid cupide... dicat!

id. Fl. 5, 12:

quod cum facis, ut ego tuum amorem et dolorem desidero!

id. Att. 3, 11, 2:

quanta studia decertantium sunt! ut illi efferuntur laetitia cum vicerint! ut pudet victos! ut se accusari nolunt! etc.,

id. Fin. 5, 22, 61:

ut vidi, ut perii! ut me malus abstulit error!

Verg. E. 8, 41:

ut melius quidquid erit pati!

Hor. C. 1, 11, 3:

ut tu Semper eris derisor!

id. S. 2, 6, 53:

o superbia magnae fortunae! ut a te nihil accipere juvat! ut omne beneficium in injuriam convertis! ut te omnia nimia delectant! ut to omnia dedecent!

Sen. Ben. 2, 13, 1:

ut me in supremis consolatus est!

Quint. 6, prooem. 11.—

In dependent questions.

With indic. (ante-class. and poet.): divi hoc audite parumper ut pro Romano populo... animam de corpore mitto, Enn. ap. Non. p. 150, 6 (Ann. v. 215 Vahl.): edoce eum uti res se habet, Plaut. [p. 1940] Trin. 3, 3, 21:

hoc sis vide ut avariter merum in se ingurgitat,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 33:

hoc vide ut dormiunt pessuli,

id. ib. 1, 2, 66:

illud vide os ut sibi distorsit carnufex,

Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 3:

vide ut otiosus it, si dis placet,

id. ib. 5, 3, 10:

illud vide, Ut in ipso articulo oppressit,

id. Ad. 2, 2, 21; 3, 5, 3:

viden ut faces Splendidas quatiunt comas?

Cat. 61, 77:

viden ut perniciter exiluere?

id. 62, 8:

adspicite, innuptae secum ut meditata requirunt,

id. 62, 12:

aspice, venturo laetantur ut omnia saeclo! (= omnia laetantia),

Verg. E. 4, 52 Forbig. ad loc.:

nonne vides, croceos ut Tmolus odores, India mittit ebur,

id. G. 1, 56; id. E. 5, 6; id. A. 6, 779. —

With subj. (class.):

nescis ut res sit, Phoenicium,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 4, 1:

oppido Mihi illud videri mirum, ut una illaec capra Uxoris dotem simiae ambadederit,

id. Merc. 2, 1, 16:

nam ego vos novisse credo jam ut sit meus pater,

id. Am. prol. 104:

narratque ut virgo ab se integra etiam tum siet,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 70:

tute scis quam intimum Habeam te, et mea consilia ut tibi credam omnia,

id. Eun. 1, 2, 48:

videtis ut omnes despiciat, ut hominem prae se neminem putet, ut se solum beatum se solum potentem putet?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 46, 135:

videtisne ut Nestor de virtutibus suis praedicet?

id. Sen. 10, 31; id. Rosc. Am. 24, 66:

credo te audisse ut me circumsteterint, ut aperte jugula sua pro meo capite P. Clodio ostentarint,

id. Att. 1, 16, 4:

videte ut hoc iste correxerit,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 45, § 115:

docebat ut omni tempore totius Galliae principatum Aedui tenuissent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43:

veniat in mentem, ut trepidos quondam majores vestros... defenderimus,

Liv. 23, 5, 8:

aspice quo submittat humus formosa colores,

Prop. 1, 2, 9:

infinitum est enumerare ut Cottae detraxerit auctoritatem, ut pro Ligario se opposuerit,

Quint. 6, 5, 10:

vides ut alta stet nive candidum Soracte,

Hor. C. 1, 9, 1:

nonne vides, ut... latus et malus Antennaeque gemant,

id. ib. 1, 14, 3 Orell. ad loc.:

audis... positas ut glaciet nives Puro numine Juppiter,

id. ib. 3, 10, 7; id. S. 1, 8, 42; 2, 3, 315; Verg. A. 2, 4; Tib. 2, 1, 26; Prop. 2, 34 (3, 32), 57:

mirum est ut animus agitatione motuque corporis excitetur,

Plin. Ep. 1, 6, 2.—

Relative adverb of manner = eo modo quo, as.

Without demonstr. as correlatives: ut aiunt, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 101 Mull. (fr inc. l. 10 Vahl.):

ego emero matri tuae Ancillam... forma mala, ut matrem addecet familias,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 79:

apparatus sum ut videtis,

id. ib. 5, 2, 10:

verum postremo impetravi ut volui,

id. Mil. 4, 5, 5:

ero ut me voles esse,

id. Capt. 2, 1, 32:

faciam ut tu voles,

id. Men. 5, 9, 90: ut vales? Tox. Ut queo, id. Pers. 1, 1, 16:

ut potero feram,

Ter. And. 5, 3, 27:

faciam ut mones,

id. Hec. 4, 4, 97:

Ciceronem et ut rogas amo, et ut meretur et ut debeo,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 9:

cupiditates quae possunt esse in eo qui, ut ipse accusator objecit, ruri semper habitarit?

id. Rosc. Am. 14, 39:

ut ex propinquis ejus audio, non tu in isto artificio callidior es, quam hic in suo,

id. ib. 17, 49:

homo demens, ut isti putant,

id. Rep. 1, 1, 1:

cumulate munus hoc, ut opinio mea fert, effecero,

id. ib. 1, 46, 70:

non ut clim solebat, sed ut nunc fit, mimum introduxisti,

id. Fam. 9, 16, 7:

Labienus, ut erat ei praeceptum, ne proelium committeret nisi, etc., monte occupato nostros exspectabat, proelioque abstinebat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 22:

cuncta ut gesta erant exposuit,

Liv. 3, 50, 4:

(Postumius) fugerat in legatione, ut fama ferebat, populi judicium,

id. 10, 46, 16:

sed, ut plerumque fit, major pars meliorem vicit,

id. 21, 4, 1:

nec temere, et ut libet conlocatur argentum, sed perite servitur,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 17, 2:

servus, ut placet Chrysippo, perpetuus mercenarius est,

id. Ben. 3, 22, 1.—Esp. parenthet., to denote that the facts accord with an assumption or supposition made in the principal sentence (= sicut):

si virtus digna est gloriatione, ut est,

Cic. Fin. 4, 18, 51:

quorum etiamsi amplecterer virtutem, ut facio, tamen, etc.,

id. Phil. 10, 9, 18:

quamvis fuerit acutus, ut fuit,

id. Ac. 2, 22, 69; cf.:

incumbite in causam, Quirites, ut facitis,

id. Phil. 4, 5, 12:

tu modo istam imbecillitatem valetudinis sustenta, ut facis,

id. Fam. 7, 1, 5:

satis enim erat, probatum illum esse populo Romano, ut est,

id. Phil. 1, 15, 37.—

With the correlative ita or sic: VTI LEGASSIT SVPER PECVNIA TVTELAVE SVAE REI, ITA IVS ESTO, Leg. XII. Tab. 5, fr. 3: alii, ut esse in suam rem ducunt, ita sint;

ego ita ero ut me esse oportet,

Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 24 sq.:

sic sum ut vides,

id. Am. 2, 1, 57:

omnes posthabui mihi res, ita uti par fuit,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 15:

ut viro forti ac sapienti dignum fuit, ita calumniam ejus obtrivit,

Cic. Caecin. 7, 18.—In partic. with a superlative belonging to the principal sentence, attracted to the relative clause:

haec ut brevissime dici potuerunt, ita a me dicta sunt (= ita breviter dicta sunt ut dici potuerunt),

Cic. de Or. 2, 41, 174.—So ut qui, with sup.:

te enim semper sic colam et tuebor ut quem diligentissime,

Cic. Fam. 12, 62 fin.; without sic or ita:

causas ut honorificentissimis verbis consequi potero, complectar,

id. Phil. 14, 11, 29:

sed exigenda est ut optime possumus,

Quint. 12, 10, 38.—And with comp.:

eruditus autem sic ut nemo Thebanus magis,

Nep. Epam. 2, 1; cf.:

ad unguem Factus homo, non ut magis alter, amicus,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 33:

cocto Chium sic convenit, ut non Hoc magis ullum aliud,

id. ib. 2, 8, 48.—

Doubled ut ut, as indefinite relative, = utcumque, in whatever manner, howsoever (mostly ante-class.; only with indic.):

gaudeo, ut ut erga me est merita,

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 52:

age jam, utut est, etsi'st dedecori, patiar,

id. Bacch. 5, 2, 85:

utut est, mihi quidem profecto cum istis dictis mortuo'st,

id. Ps. 1, 3, 76:

utut res sese habet, pergam, etc.,

id. Most. 3, 1, 14:

non potis est pietati opsisti huic, ututi res sunt ceterae,

id. Ps. 1, 3, 36; id. Cist. 1, 1, 110:

sed ut ut haec sunt, tamen hoc faciam,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 46; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 4; id. Heaut. 1, 2, 26; id. Ad. 2, 2, 40; 4, 4, 22:

ut ut est res, casus consilium nostri itineris judicabit,

Cic. Att. 15, 25 B. and K. (dub.;

v. Orell. ad loc.): sed ut ut est, indulge valetudini tuae,

id. Fam. 16, 18, 1 dub. (al. ut est).—

Causal, as, = prout, pro eo ut.

Introducing a general statement, in correspondence with the particular assertion of the principal clause, ut = as, considering... that, in accordance with:

atque, ut nunc sunt maledicentes homines, uxori meae mihique objectent, lenociniam facere,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 75:

ut aetas mea est, atque ut huic usus facto est,

id. Men. 5, 2, 1:

haud scio hercle ut homo'st, an mutet animum,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 2, 9:

praesertim, ut nunc sunt mores,

id. ib. 1, 2, 5:

atque ille, ut semper fuit apertissimus, non se purgavit, sed, etc.,

Cic. Mur. 25, 51:

permulta alia colligit Chrysippus, ut est in omni historia curiosus,

id. Tusc. 1, 45, 108:

magnifice et ornate, ut erat in primis inter suos copiosus, convivium comparat,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 65:

Kal. Sextilibus, ut tunc principium anni agebatur, consulatum ineunt,

Liv. 3, 6, 1:

tribuni, ut fere semper reguntur a multitudine magis quam regunt, dedere plebi, etc.,

id. 3, 71, 5:

transire pontem non potuerunt, ut extrema resoluta erant, etc.,

id. 21, 47, 3.—Ellipt.:

mortales multi, ut ad ludos, convenerant (ut fit, si ludi sunt),

Plaut. Men. prol. 30:

Epicharmi, acuti nec insulsi hominis, ut Siculi,

as was natural, he being a Sicilian, Cic. Tusc. 1, 8, 15; so,

Diogenes, liberius, ut Cynicus... inquit,

id. ib. 5, 33, 92:

ceterum haec, ut in secundis rebus, segniter otioseque gesta,

Liv. 23, 14, 1.—

Reflecting the assertion to particular circumstances, etc., ut = for, as, considering:

hic Geta ut captus est servorum, non malus,

Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 34:

ut est captus hominum,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 27, 65; Caes. B. G. 4, 3: Themistocles ut apud nos perantiquus, ut apud Athenienses non ita sane vetus, in regard to us, etc., Cic. Brut. 10, 41:

Caelius Antipater, scriptor, ut temporibus illis, luculentus,

for those times, id. ib. 26, 102:

nonnihil, ut in tantis malis est profectum,

considering the unfortunate state of affairs, id. Fam. 12, 2, 2:

(orationis genus) ut in oratore exile,

for an orator, id. Or. 3, 18, 66:

multae (erant in Fabio) ut in homine Romano, litterae,

id. Sen. 4, 12:

consultissimus vir, ut in illa quisquam esse aetate poterat,

Liv. 1, 18, 1:

florentem jam ut tum res erant,

id. 1, 3, 3:

Apollonides orationem salutarem, ut in tali tempore, habuit,

id. 24, 28, 1:

Sp. Maelius, ut illis temporibus praedives,

id. 4, 13, 1: insigni, ut illorum temporum habitus erat, triumpho, id. 10, 46, 2:

Ardeam Rutuli habebant, gens ut in ea regione atque in ea aetate divitiis praepollens,

id. 1, 57, 1:

vir, ut inter Aetolos, facundus,

id. 32, 33, 9:

Meneclidas, satis exercitatus in dicendo, ut Thebanus scilicet,

Nep. Epam. 5, 2:

ad magnam deinde, ut in ea regione, urbem pervenit,

Curt. 9, 1, 14:

multum, ut inter Germanos, rationis ac sollertiae,

Tac. G. 30. —

Ut before relatives, with subj., as it is natural for persons who, like one who, since he, since they, etc.; seeing that they, etc. (not in Cic.):

non demutabo ut quod certo sciam,

seeing that I know it for certain, Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 153:

prima luce sic ab castris proficiscuntur ut quibus esset persuasum non ab hoste, sed ab homine amicissimo consilium datum,

Caes. B. G. 5, 31, 6:

facile persuadent (Lucumoni) ut cupido honorum, et cui Tarquinii materna tantum patria esset,

Liv. 1, 34, 6:

inde consul, ut qui jam ad hostes perventum cerneret, explorato, etc., procedebat,

id. 38, 18, 7:

Philippus, ut cui de summa rerum adesset certamen, adhortandos milites ratus, etc.,

id. 33, 4, 11:

Tarquinius ad jus regni nihil praeter vim habebat, ut qui neque populi jussu, neque auctoribus patribus regnaret,

id. 1, 49, 3; 25, 23, 3:

Aequorum exercitus, ut qui permultos annos imbelles egissent, sine ducibus certis, sine imperio,

id. 9, 45, 10:

igitur pro se quisque inermes, ut quibus nihil hostile suspectum esset, in agmen Romanum ruebant,

id. 30, 6, 3; 23, 15, 4; 23, 29, 12:

omnia nova offendit, ut qui solus didicerit quod inter multos faciendum est,

as is natural in one who, since he, Quint. 1, 2, 19:

in omni autem speciali inest generalis, ut quae sit prior,

id. 3, 5, 9:

ignara hujusce doctrinae loquacitas erret necesse est, ut quae vel multos vel falsos duces habeat,

id. 12, 2, 20; 5, 14, 28; 11, 3, 53.—Rarely with participle:

ne Volsci et Aequi... ad urbem ut ex parte captam venirent,

Liv. 3, 16, 2:

gens ferox cum procul visis Romanorum signis, ut extemplo proelium initura, explicuisset aciem, etc.,

id. 7, 23, 6.—

With perinde or pro eo, with reference to several alternatives or degrees to be determined by circumstances, as, according as, to the extent that, in the measure that, etc.:

perinde ut opinio est de cujusque moribus, ita quid ab eo factum et non factum sit, existimari potest,

Cic. Clu. 25, 70:

in exspectatione civitas erat, perinde ut evenisset res, ita communicatos honores habitura,

Liv. 7, 6, 8: pro eo ut temporis difficultas aratorumque penuria tulit, Metell. ap. Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 126.—

Transf. of local relations, like Gr. hina, where (very rare):

in eopse astas lapide, ut praeco praedicat,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 7, 17:

flumen uti adque ipso divortio (aquae sunt),

Lucil. 8, 18 Mull.:

in extremos Indos, Litus ut longe resonante Eoa Tunditur unda,

Cat. 11, 2 sqq.; 17, 10; cf. Verg. A. 5, 329; Lucr. 6, 550 Munro ad loc.

Introducing comparative clauses of manner, = eodem modo quo, as, like.

In gen.

With sic as correlative:

haec res sic est ut narro tibi,

Plaut. Most. 4, 3, 40:

quae si ut animis sic oculis videre possemus, nemo de divina ratione dubitaret,

Cic. N. D. 2, 39, 99:

Pomponium Atticum sic amo ut alterum fratrem,

id. Fam. 13, 1, 5:

si sic ageres ut de eis egisti qui jam mortui sunt... ne tu in multos Autronios incurreres,

id. Brut. 72, 251:

sic, Scipio, ut avus hic tuus, ut ego, justitiam cole,

id. Rep. 6, 15, 15:

ut dicere alia aliis magis concessum est, sic etiam facere,

id. Quint. 11, 3, 150 (for ut... sic, in similes, v. sic, IV. 1. a.).—

With ita as correlative:

ut sementem feceris, ita metes,

Cic. Or. 2, 65, 261:

quamobrem, ut ille solebat, ita nunc mea repetat oratio populi origines,

id. Rep. 2, 1. 3:

non ut injustus in pace rex ita dux belli pravus fuit,

Liv. 1, 53, 1:

ut haec in unum congeruntur, ita contra illa dispersa sunt,

Quint. 9, 3, 39.—

With other correlatives:

in balteo tracta ex caseo ad eundem modum facito ut placentum sine melle,

Cato, R. R. 78:

encytum ad eundem modum facito uti globos,

id. ib. 80:

cum animi inaniter moveantur eodem modo rebus his quae nulla sint ut iis quae sint,

Cic. Ac. 2, 15, 47:

disputationem exponimus, eisdem fere verbis, ut disputatumque est,

id. Tusc. 2, 3, 9: scelerum caput, ut tute es item omnis censes esse' [p. 1941] Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 55:

ut filium bonum patri esse oportet, item ego sum patri,

id. Am. 3, 4, 9:

fecisti item ut praedones solent,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 9, § 21:

item ut illo edicto de quo ante dixi... edixit, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 1, 45, § 117;

so with item,

id. Or. 60, 202:

is reliquit filium Pariter moratum ut pater eius fuit,

Plaut. Aul. prol. 21.—With atque:

nec fallaciam astutiorem ullus fecit Poeta atque ut haec est fabrefacta a nobis,

Plaut. Cas. 5, 1, 7.—And after aliter = than:

si aliter ut dixi accidisset,

Cic. Rep. 1, 4, 7.—

Without correlative:

rem omnem uti acta erat cognovit,

Sall. J. 71, 5:

quare perge ut instituisti,

Cic. Rep. 2, 11, 22:

apud me, ut apud bonum judicem, argumenta plus quam testes valent,

id. ib. 1, 38, 59:

miscent enim illas et interponunt vitae, ut ludum jocumque inter seria,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 12, 2:

comitetur voluptas, et circa corpus ut umbra versetur,

id. ib. 13, 5:

ut in animum ejus oratio, ut sol in oculos, incurrat,

Quint. 8, 2, 23.—

In partic.

Ut... ita or ut... sic; co-ordinate, introducing contrasted clauses.

= cum... tum, as... so, as on the one hand... so on the other, both and:

ut errare potuisti, sic decipi te non potuisse, quis non videt?

Cic. Fam. 10, 20, 2:

ut Poeni ad moenia urbis Romanae nullo prohibente se pervenisse in gloria ponebant, ita pigebat irriti incepti,

Liv. 26, 37, 6:

Dolabellam ut Tarsenses ita Laodiceni ultra arcessierunt,

Cic. Fam. 12, 13, 4:

fert sortem suam quisque ut in ceteris rebus ita in amicitiis,

Sen. Ben. 2, 28, 3.—

Concessive, = etsi... tamen, although... yet:

consul, ut fortasse vere, sic parum utiliter in praesens certamen, respondit, etc.,

Liv. 4, 6, 2:

Saguntini, ut a proeliis quietem habuerant per aliquot dies, ita non cessaverant ab opere,

id. 21, 11, 5:

ut quies certaminum erat, ita ab apparatu operum nihil cessatum,

id. 21, 8, 1:

haec omnia ut invitis, ita non adversantibus patriciis transacta,

id. 3, 55, 15:

in agrum Nolanum exercitum traducit, ut non hostiliter statim, ita... nihil praetermissurus,

id. 23, 14, 6; 23, 34, 12:

uti longe a luxuria, ita famae propior,

Tac. Agr. 6:

ut multo infirmior, ita aliquatenus lucidior,

Quint. 10, 1, 74:

ut est utilis saepe... ita obstabit melioribus,

id. 12, 2, 12:

quod, ut optimum est, ita longe quidem, sed sequitur tamen,

id. 5, 12, 9; cf. id. 10, 1, 62.—With certe in place of ita:

ut non demens, crudelis certe videtur,

Quint. 9, 2, 91.—

Ita... ut;

in oaths or strong asseverations: ita me di amabunt ut ego hunc ausculto lubens,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 5, 22:

ita me di ament ut ego nunc non tam meapte causa Laetor quam illius,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 8:

ita me di amabunt, ut nunc Menedemi vicem Miseret me,

id. ib. 4, 5, 1:

ita vivo ut maximos sumptus facio,

Cic. Att. 5, 15, 2.—So with sic:

sic me di amabunt ut me tuarum miseritum'st fortunarum,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 54.—

In exemplifications.

In gen., as for example, for instance:

nam aut ipsa cognitio rei perquiritur, ut: virtus suam ne, etc., aut agendi consilium exquiritur, ut: sitne sapienti, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 29, 112:

sunt bestiae in quibus inest aliquid simile virtutis, ut in leonibus, ut in canibus, in equis, etc.,

id. Fin. 5, 14, 38:

in libero populo, ut Rhodi, ut Athenis, nemo est civium qui, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 31, 47:

qui rem publicam constituissent, ut Cretum Minos, Lacedaemoniorum Lycurgus, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 1, 2; id. Ac. 2, 24, 76; id. Inv. 2, 52, 157:

est aliquid quod dominus praestare servo debeat, ut cibaria, ut vestiarium,

Sen. Ben. 3, 21, 2:

est etiam amarum quiddam... et aere, ut illud Crassi Ego te consulem putem? etc.,

Quint. 8, 3, 89; 4, 3, 12.—Where several instances are adduced, if each of them singly is made prominent, ut is repeated with each;

if they are taken in a group, ut occurs but once, e. g. quod erant, qui aut in re publica, propter sapientiam florerent, ut Themistocles, ut Pericles, ut Theramenes, aut, qui.. sapientiae doctores essent, ut Gorgias, Thrasymachus, Isocrates, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 16, 59.—

Ut si, if for instance; for example, if, etc.; with subj.:

ut si accusetur is qui P. Sulpicium se fateatur occidisse,

Auct. Her. 1, 15, 25:

ut si quis hoc velit ostendere, eum qui parentem necarit, etc.,

Cic. Inv. 2, 15, 48:

ut si qui docilem faciat auditorem, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 18, 26:

ut si qui in foro cantet,

id. Off. 1, 40, 145:

ut si quis ei quem urgeat fames venenum ponat,

Liv. 6, 40, 12; cf. Auct. Her. 2, 26, 4; 2, 27, 43; 3, 2, 2; Cic. Inv. 1, 49, 92:

ut si obsessi de facienda ad hostem deditione deliberent,

Quint. 3, 8, 23:

ut si des arma timidis et imbellibus,

id. 12, 5, 2; 5, 10, 34; 2, 4, 18; 9, 2, 79 et saep.—So with cum:

ut cum marem feminamque filios dicimus,

Quint. 9, 3, 63; 1, 6, 22; 3, 8, 30; 9, 1, 3.—

Before an appositive noun, as, the same as, like:

qui canem et felem ut deos colunt,

Cic. Leg. 1, 11, 32:

ut militiae Africanum ut deum coleret Laelius,

id. Rep. 1, 12, 18:

suam vitam ut legem praefert suis civibus,

id. ib. 1, 34, 52:

habuit (ei) honorem ut proditori, non ut amico fidem,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 38:

Hannibalem, non ut prudentem tantum virum, sed ut vatem omnium quae tum evenirent admirari,

Liv. 36, 15, 2: (Dionysium) dimisi a me ut magistrum Ciceronum non lubenter;

ut hominem ingratum non invitus,

in his capacity of, Cic. Att. 8, 10:

qui ante captas Syracusas non desciverant... ut socii fideles accepti, quos metus post captas Syracusas dediderat, ut victi a victore leges acceperunt,

Liv. 25, 40, 4:

qui et ipsum, ut ambiguae fidei virum, suspectum jam pridem habebat,

id. 24, 45, 12:

Cicero ea quae nunc eveniunt cecinit ut vates,

Nep. Att. 16:

et ipsam (virtutem) ut deos, et professores ejus ut antistites colite,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 7:

hunc ut deum homines intuebuntur,

Quint. 12, 10, 65:

id ut crimen ingens expavescendum est,

id. 9, 3, 35.—

Ut si = quasi, velut si, tamquam si, as if, just as if:

mater coepit studiose... educere ita uti si esset filia,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 37:

Rufio tuus ita desiderabatur ut si esset unus e nobis,

Cic. Fam. 7, 20, 1:

ejus negotium sic velim suscipias ut si esset res mea,

id. ib. 2, 14, 1:

ita se gerant in istis Asiaticis itineribus ut si iter Appia via faceres,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 6:

qui aliis nocent ut in alios liberales sint, in eadem sunt injustitia ut si in suam rem aliena convertant,

id. Off. 1, 14, 42; id. Opt. Gen. 4, 10:

similes sunt ut si qui gubernatorem in navigando nihil agere dicant,

like men who should say, Cic. Sen. 6, 17: similiter facere eos... ut si nautae certarent, etc., they act like sailors who, etc., id. Off. 1, 25, 87.—

Ut quisque... ita (sic), with superlatives (= eo magis... quo magis, with indefinite subjects): ut quisque est vir optimus, ita difficillime alios improbos suspicatur, the better a man is, the more difficult it is for him to, etc., Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 4, § 12:

ut quaeque res est turpissima, sic maxime et maturissime vindicanda est,

id. Caecin. 2, 7:

ut quisque (morbus) est difficillimus, ita medicus nobilissimus quaeritur,

id. Clu. 21, 57:

ut quisque te maxime cognatione... attingebat, ita maxime manus tua putabatur,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 27; id. Off. 1, 16, 50; 1, 19, 64:

nam ut quaeque forma perfectissima ita capacissima est,

Quint. 1, 10, 40.—This construction is variously modified,

With ita understood:

facillime ad res injustas impellitur ut quisque altissimo animo est,

Cic. Off. 1, 19, 65. —

With virtual superlatives:

ut quisque in fuga postremus ita in periculo princeps erat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 34, § 90:

ut quisque optime institutus est, esse omnino nolit in vita, si, etc.,

id. Fin. 5, 20, 57.—

The superlatives omitted in either clause:

ut quisque aetate antecedit, ita sententiae principatum tenet,

Cic. Sen. 18, 64:

ut quisque aetate et honore antecedebat, ita sententiam dixit,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 64, § 143:

pro se quisque, ut in quoque erat auctoritatis plurimum, ad populum loquebatur,

id. ib. 2, 1, 27, §

68: ut quisque gradu proximus erat, ita ignominiae objectus,

Liv. 9, 6, 1:

ut quisque maxime laboraret locus, aut ipse occurrebat, aut aliquos mittebat,

id. 34, 38, 6.—And with tum = ita:

nec prodesse tantum, sed etiam amari potest, tum... ut quisque erit Ciceroni simillimus,

in proportion to his resemblance, Quint. 2, 5, 20.—

With a comparative in one of the terms:

major autem (societas est) ut quisque proxime accederet,

Cic. Lael. 5, 19.—

Without superlative, as, according as:

de captivis, ut quisque liber aut servus esset, suae fortunae a quoque sumptum supplicium est,

Liv. 3, 18, 10 (for ut quisque... ita, in temporal clauses, v. B. 3. g infra).—

Introducing a temporal clause, the principal predicate being an immediate sequence; orig. = quo tempore.

With perf. indic.

In gen., as soon as:

principio ut illo advenimus... continuo Amphitruo delegit viros, etc.,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 49:

ut hinc te intro ire jussi, opportune hic fit mi obviam,

Ter. And. 3, 4, 11:

ut abii abs te fit forte obviam Mihi Phormio,

id. Phorm. 4, 3, 12:

ut modo argentum tibi dedimus apud forum, recta domum Sumus profecti,

id. ib. 5, 6, 19; id. Hec. 3, 3, 5; 5, 1, 26; id. Eun. 4, 7, 12:

qui ut peroravit, surrexit Clodius,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 3, 2:

eumque ut salutavit, amicissime apprehendit,

id. Rep. 1, 11, 7:

qui ut huc venit... hominesque Romanos bellicis studiis ut vidit incensos, existimavit, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 13, 25; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Phil. 9, 4, 9; id. Brut. 8, 30:

ut vero aquam ingressi sunt... tum utique egressis rigere omnibus corpora,

Liv. 21, 54, 9:

ut haec dicta in senatu sunt, dilectus edicitur,

id. 3, 10, 9; 23, 34, 6; 24, 44, 10.—

In oblique discourse:

Ariovistum, ut semel Gallorum copias vicerit, superbe et crudeliter imperare,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31.—

With primum, when first, as soon as ever:

atque ego, ut primum fletu represso loqui posse coepi, Quaeso inquam, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 6, 15, 15:

Siculi, ut primum videre volgari morbos, in suas quisque urbes dilapsi sunt,

Liv. 25, 26, 13: ut primum lingua coepit esse in quaestu, curam morum qui diserti habebantur reliquerunt, Quint. prooem. 13.—

Rarely of coincidence in time:

nam ut dudum adcurrimus ad Alcesimarchum... tum mi puto prae timore hic excidisse Cistellam,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 46.—

Ut = ex quo tempore. since:

ut Brundusio profectus es, nullae mihi abs te sunt redditae litterae,

Cic. Att. 1, 15, 2.—

With imperf. indic.

In gen.: Fabii oratio fuit qualis biennio ante;

deinde, ut vincebatur consensu, versa ad P. Decium collegam poscendum,

Liv. 10, 22, 2:

deinde ut nulla vi perculsos sustinere poterat, Quid ultra moror, inquit, etc.,

id. 10, 28, 20:

Marcellus, ut tanta vis ingruebat mali, traduxerat in urbem suos,

id. 25, 26, 15:

ut vero... exurebatur amoenissimus Italiae ager, villaeque passim incendiis fumabant... tum prope de integro seditione accensi,

id. 22, 14, 1.— And with perf. and imperf. in co-ordinate clauses:

consules, ut ventum ad Cannas est, et in conspectu Poenum habebant,

Liv. 22, 44, 1:

ut in extrema juga ventum, et hostes sub oculis erant,

id. 22, 14, 3:

ut Poenus apparuit in collibus, et pauci... adferebant, etc.,

id. 24, 1, 6.—

Of repeated past actions, whenever:

ut quaeque pars castrorum nudata defensoribus premi videbatur, eo occurrere et auxilium ferre,

Caes. B. G. 3, 4.—

With plupf.

= postquam (rare):

ut hinc forte ea ad obstetricem erat missa,

Ter. Ad. 4, 4, 10:

ut ad mare nostrae cohortes excubuerant, accessere subito prima luce Pompejani,

Caes. B. C. 3, 63.—

In epistolary style = the Engl. perf.:

litteras scripsi... statim ut tuas legeram (= litteras nunc scribo, ut tuas legi),

Cic. Att. 2, 12, 4:

ut Athenas a. d. VII. Kal. Quinct. veneram, exspectabam ibi jam quartum diem Pomptinium (= ut veni, exspecto),

id. ib. 5, 10, 1.—

Of repeated past actions, whenever:

ut cujusque sors exciderat... alacer arma capiebat,

Liv. 21, 42, 3 dub.:

ut quisque istius animum offenderat, in lautumias statim coniciebatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 55, § 143:

ut quidque ego apprehenderam, statim accusator extorquebat e manibus,

id. Clu. 19, 52:

ut cuique erat locus attributus, ad munitiones accedunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 81; cf.:

ut quisque arma ceperat... inordinati in proelium ruunt,

Liv. 23, 27, 5.—With ita as correl.:

ut enim quisque contra voluntatem ejus dixerat, ita in eum judicium de professione jugerum postulabatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 15, § 39.—

With fut. perf., or, in oblique discourse, plupf. subj.:

neque, ut quaeque res delata ad nos erit, tum denique scrutari locos debemus,

Cic. Or. 2, 34, 146:

traditum esse ut quando aqua Albana abundasset, tum... victoriam de Veientibus dari,

Liv. 5, 15, 11 (for ut after simul, v. simul, VI.).—

Introducing substantive clauses, that; always with subj. (cf. ut as interrog. adverb in dependent clauses, I. A. 3. supra).

In object clauses.

In clauses which, if independent, would take the imperative mood, often rendered by the Engl. infinitive.

After verbs denoting [p. 1942] to wish, request, pray, demand, or invite:

malim istuc aliis ita videatur quam uti tu, soror, te collaudes,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 18:

equidem mallem ut ires,

Cic. Att. 1, 16, 8:

equidem vellem ut pedes haberent (res tuae),

id. Fam. 7, 31, 2:

volo uti mihi respondeas num quis, etc.,

id. Vatin. 7, 17:

precor (deos) ut his infinitis nostris malis contenti sint,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 9:

postulo ut ne quid praejudicati afferatis,

id. Clu. 2, 5:

petebant uti equites praemitterent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 11:

tibi instat Hortensius ut eas in consilium,

Cic. Quint. 10, 34:

hoc ut aliquando fieret, instabat,

Sen. Clem. 2, 1, 2:

illum Dolabellae dixisse (= eum rogasse) ut ad me scriberet (= me rogaret), ut in Italiam quam primum venirem,

Cic. Att. 11, 7, 2:

cupio ut quod nunc natura et impetus est, fiat judicium,

Sen. Clem. 2, 2, 2:

senectutem ut adipiscantur omnes optant,

Cic. Lael. 2, 4:

exigo a me, non ut optimis par sim, sed ut malis melior,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 17, 3.—With ut ne = ne:

Trebatio mandavi, ut, si quid te eum velles ad me mittere, ne recusaret,

Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 2; Tac. H. 4, 58 fin. —Also without verb, like utinam, to express a wish;

esp. in imprecations (ante-class.): ut te cum tua Monstratione magnus perdat Juppiter,

Ter. Ad. 4, 6, 2:

ut illum di deaeque perdant,

id. Eun. 2, 3, 10; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 6.—

After verbs expressing or implying advice, suggestion, or exhortation:

ego vos hortari tantum possum ut, etc.,

Cic. Lael. 5, 17:

quod suades ut ad Quinctium scribam, etc.,

id. Att. 11, 16, 4:

tibi auctor sum ut eum tibi ordinem reconcilies,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 26:

censeo ut iter reliquum conficere pergas,

I propose, id. Or. 2, 71, 200; Caes. B. C. 1, 2; Liv. 30, 40, 4:

dixeram a principio ut sileremus,

I had advised, Cic. Brut. 42, 157:

Pompejum monebat ut meam domum metueret,

id. Sest. 64, 133:

equidem suasi ut Romam pergeret,

id. Att. 16, 8, 2:

M. Messalae et ipsi Attico dixit ut sine cura essent,

exhorted, id. ib. 16, 16, A, 5.—

After verbs expressing resolution or agreement to do something:

rus ut irem jam heri constitiveram,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 136:

decrevistis ut de praemiis militum primo quoque tempore referretur,

Cic. Phil. 5, 2, 4:

constitueram ut pridie Idus Aquini manerem,

id. Att. 16, 10, 1:

statuunt ut decem millia hominum in oppidum submittantur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 21:

Hasdrubal paciscitur cum Celtiberorum principibus ut copias inde abducant,

Liv. 25, 33, 3:

illos induxisse in animum, ut superbo quondam regi, tum infesto exuli proderent (patriam),

id. 2, 5, 7; 27, 9, 9; 42, 25, 11:

ut ne plebi cum patribus essent conubia sanxerunt,

Cic. Rep. 2, 27, 63:

servitia urbem ut incenderent conjurarunt,

Liv. 4, 45, 1.—

After verbs of command or prohibition:

imperat Laelio ut per collis circumducat equites,

Liv. 28, 33, 11:

illud praecipiendum fuit ut... diligentiam adhiberemus,

Cic. Lael. 16, 60:

M. Aemilio senatus negotium dat ut Patavinorum seditionem comprimeret,

Liv. 41, 27, 3:

consul edicere est ausus ut senatus ad vestitum rediret,

Cic. Pis. 8, 18:

jubet sententiam ut dicant suam,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 50:

hic tibi in mentem non venit jubere ut haec quoque referret,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 28.—With ne:

iis praedixit, ut ne prius Lacedaemoniorum legatos dimitteret, quam ipse esset remissus,

Nep. Them. 7, 3.—

Verbs expressing permission:

atque ille legem mihi de XII. tabulis recitavit quae permittit ut furem noctu liceat occidere,

Cic. Tull. 20, 47:

concedo tibi ut ea praetereas quae, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 19, 54:

dabis mihi hanc veniam ut eorum... auctoritatem Graecis anteponam,

id. de Or. 1, 6, 23:

ille tibi potestatem facturus est ut eligas utrum velis,

id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 45:

illud natura non patitur ut aliorum spoliis nostras facultates augeamus,

id. Off. 3, 5, 22.—

In dependent clauses implying an aim or end.

After verbs denoting direction and inclination of the mind, care, purpose, intention, or striving:

ut plurimis prosimus enitimur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 2, 6:

facilior erit ut albam esse nivem probet quam erat Anaxagoras,

he will be more inclined, disposed, id. ib. 2, 36, 117: ne ille longe aberit ut argumento credat philosophorum, far remote from believing = not inclined, id. ib. 2, 47, 144: qui sibi hoc sumpsit ut conrigat mores aliorum, quis huic ignoscat si, who undertakes to correct, id. Verr. 2, 3, 1, § 2:

navem idoneam ut habeas diligenter videbis,

care, id. Fam. 16, 1, 2:

ille intellexit id agi atque id parari ut filiae suae vis afferretur,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 67:

pater potuit animum inducere ut naturam ipsam vinceret,

id. Rosc. Am. 19, 53:

cum senatus temptaret ut ipse gereret sine rege rem publicam,

id. Rep. 2, 12, 23:

equidem ut honore dignus essem, maxime semper laboravi,

id. Planc. 20, 50:

omni contentione pugnatum est ut lis haec capitis existimaretur,

id. Clu. 41, 116:

omnis spes ad id versa ut totis viribus terra adgrederentur,

Liv. 24, 34, 12:

omnis cura solet in hoc versari, semper ut boni aliquid efficiam dicendo,

Cic. de Or. 2, 75, 306:

se miliens morituros potius quam ut tantum dedecoris admitti patiantur,

Liv. 4, 2, 8; 2, 34, 11.—

Verbs of effecting:

nec potui tamen Propitiam Venerem facere uti esset mihi,

Plaut. Poen. 2, 6:

prior pars orationis tuae faciebat ut mori cuperem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 47, 112:

caritas annonae faciebat ut istuc... tempore magnum videretur,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 92, § 215:

sol efficit ut omnia floreant,

id. N. D. 2, 15, 41:

potest praestare ut ea causa melior esse videatur,

id. Or. 1, 10, 44:

non committam ut tibi ipse insanire videar,

id. Fam. 5, 5, 3:

di prohibeant, judices, ut hoc praesidium sectorum existimetur,

id. Rosc. Am. 52, 151:

effecisti ut viverem et morerer ingratus,

Sen. Ben. 2, 25, 1:

quibus nihil aliud actum est quam ut pudor hominibus peccandi demeretur,

id. Vit. Beat. 26, 6.—

Verbs of obtaining:

Dumnorix a Sequanis impetrat ut per fines suos Helvetios ire patiantur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 9:

quid assequitur, nisi hoc ut arent qui... in agris remanserunt,

what does he gain, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 55, § 128:

facile tenuit ut (Chalcidis) portae sibi aperirentur,

Liv. 35, 51, 6:

vicerunt tribuni ut legem perferrent,

id. 4, 25, 13.—

Verbs of inducing and compelling:

nec ut omnia quae praescripta sunt defendamus necessitate ulla cogimur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 3, 8:

civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis exirent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 2:

exspectatione promissi tui moveor ut admoneam te,

Cic. Fam. 9, 8, 1:

Parhedrum excita ut hortum ipse conducat,

id. ib. 16, 18, 2:

ille adduci non potest ut... ne lucem quoque hanc eripere cupiat, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 52, 150:

impellit alios avaritia, alios iracundia ut levem auditionem pro re comperta habeant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 42:

ut de clementia scriberem, Nero Caesar, una me vox tua maxime compulit,

Sen. Clem. 2, 1, 1.—

After verbs implying duty, right, rule, condition, or possibility:

cum mihi ne ut dubitem quidem relinquatur,

not even the possibility of doubt, Cic. Ac. 2, 38, 119:

obsides inter se dent, Sequani ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant, Helvetii ut sine maleficio transeant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 9:

se ita a majoribus didicisse ut magis virtute quam dolo contenderent,

id. ib. 1, 13:

mea lenitas hoc exspectavit ut id quod latebat erumperet,

Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 27:

(natura) nobis insculpsit in mentibus, ut eos (deos) aeternos et beatos haberemus,

id. N. D. 1, 17, 45:

hoc mihi Metellus non eripuit, hoc etiam addidit ut quererer hoc sociis imperari,

he gave the additional right, id. Verr. 2, 2, 68, § 164:

ut vero conloqui cum Orpheo, Musaeo, Homero liceat, quanti tandem aestimatis?

the privilege of conversing, id. Tusc. 1, 41, 98:

respondet Socrates sese meruisse ut amplissimis honoribus decoraretur,

id. Or. 1, 54, 272:

meruit ut suspendatur,

Sen. Ep. 7, 5:

quia enim non sum dignus prae te ut figam palum in parietem,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 4.—So after dignus, Liv. 24, 16, 19; Quint. 8, 5, 12.—

After verbs of fearing, where ut implies a wish contrary to the fear; that not:

rem frumentariam, ut satis commode supportari posset, timere se dicebant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 39:

vereor ut satis diligenter actum sit in senatu de litteris meis,

Cic. Att. 6, 4, 2:

verebar ut redderentur,

id. Fam. 12, 19, 1:

sin homo amens diripiendam urbem daturus est, vereor ut Dolabella ipse satis nobis prodesse possit,

id. ib. 14, 14, 1:

veretur Hiempsal ut foedus satis firmum sit,

id. Leg. 2, 22, 58:

timeo ut sustineas,

id. Fam. 14, 2, 3:

o puer, ut sis vitalis, metuo, et majorum ne quis amicus Frigore te feriat,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 60.— So sometimes after video, with weakened force: vide ut sit, nearly = perhaps it is not (cf. Roby, Gr. 2, p. 280): considerabitis, vestri similes feminae sintne Romae;

si enim non sunt, videndum est, ut honeste vos esse possitis,

Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 1.—Very rarely ut stands for ne after verbs of fearing:

quia nihil minus, quam ut egredi obsessi moenibus auderent, timeri poterat,

Liv. 28, 22, 12 Weissenb. ad loc.:

ut ferula caedas meritum... non vereor,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 120 Jan. and Orell. ad loc. —

In interrogative clauses represented as untrue, rejecting a supposition or thought with indignation (nearly = fierine potest ut):

me ut quisquam norit, nisi ille qui praebet cibum?

Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 52:

te ut ulla res frangat, tu ut umquam te corrigas?

Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 22:

egone ut te interpellem?

id. Tusc. 2, 18, 42:

pater ut in judicio capitis obesse filio debeat?

id. Planc. 13, 31:

egone ut prolis meae fundam cruorem?

Sen. Med. 927.—

In subject clauses, with impersonal predicates.

With a predicate adjective.

With the idea of rule, duty, etc.:

id arbitror Adprime in vita utile esse, ut ne quid nimis,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 34:

reliquum est ut de Catuli sententia dicendum videatur,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 59:

praeclarum est et verum ut eos qui nobis carissimi esse debeant, aeque ac nosmet ipsos amemus,

id. Tusc. 3, 29, 73:

ergo hoc sit primum ut demonstremus quem imitetur,

id. de Or. 2, 22, 90:

proximum est ut doceam, etc.,

id. N. D. 2, 29, 73:

extremum est ut te orem, etc.,

id. Fam. 4, 13, 7:

ei (Dionysio) ne integrum quidem erat ut ad justitiam remigraret,

permission, id. Tusc. 5, 21, 62. —With predicates, aequum est, par (anteclass. and rare):

aequom videtur tibi ut ego alienum quod est Meum esse dicam?

Plaut. Rud. 4, 7, 4:

non par videtur... praesente ibus una paedagogus ut siet,

id. Bacch. 1, 2, 31.—

In clauses expressing result and consequence:

magnificum illud etiam et gloriosum ut Graecis de philosophia litteris non egeant, illud,

that result of my labors, Cic. Div. 2, 2, 5:

consentaneum est huic naturae ut sapiens velit gerere et administrare rem publicam,

id. Fin. 3, 20, 68. —

In clauses represented as real, true, false, certain, or probable (where the acc. and inf. might be used):

concedetur verum esse ut bonos boni diligant,

Cic. Lael. 14, 50: sin autem illa veriora ut idem interitus animorum et corporum, etc., id. ib 4, 14; cf.:

concedant ut hi viri boni fuerin (= concedant vere factum esse ut, etc.),

id. ib. 5, 18:

si verum est ut populus Romanus omnis gentes virtute superarit, etc.,

Nep. Hann. 1, 1:

de ipso Roscio potest illud quidem esse falsum ut circumligatus fuerit, angui,

Cic. Div. 2, 31, 66:

non est verisimile ut Chrysogonus horum litteras adamarit aut humanitatem,

id. Rosc. Am. 41, 121:

deos verisimile est ut alios indulgentius tractent propter parentis, alios propter futuram posterorum indolem,

Sen. Ben. 4, 32, 1; so,

rarum est ut,

Quint. 3, 19, 3:

quid tam inusitatum quam ut, etc.,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 21, 62.—And after potius:

multi ex plebe spe amissa potius quam ut cruciarentur... se in Tiberim praecipitaverunt,

Liv. 4, 12, 11.—

With predicate nouns.

Expressing the idea of a verb which would require an object clause, with ut:

quoniam ut aliter facias non est copia,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 30:

Romano in hostico morandi causa erat ut hostem ad certamen eliceret,

Liv. 6, 31, 7:

vetus est lex amicitiae ut idem amici semper velint,

Cic. Planc. 2, 5:

consensus fuit senatus ut mature proficisceremur (= decretum est a senatu),

id. Fam. 3, 3, 1:

fuit hoc sive meum, sive rei publicae fatum ut in me unum omnis illa inclinatio temporum incumberet,

ordained by fate, id. Balb. 26, 58:

tempus est ut eamus ad forum,

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 72:

dicasque tempus maximum esse ut eat,

id. ib. 4, 3, 9:

primum est officium ut homo se conservet in naturae statu,

Cic. Fin. 3, 6, 20:

ejus culturae hoc munus est ut efficiat, etc.,

id. ib. 4, 14, 38:

caput illud est ut Lyconem recipias in necessitudinem tuam,

duty, id. Fam. 13, 19, 3; so,

caput est ut, etc.,

id. de Or. 1, 19, 87:

fuit hoc quoddam inter Scipionem et Laelium jus ut Scipio Laelium observaret parentis loco,

id. Rep. 1, 12, 18:

mea ratio in dicendo haec esse solet ut boni quod habeat id amplectar,

id. de Or. 2, 72, 292; so,

ratio est ut,

id. Verr. 1, 11, 34: est mos hominum ut [p. 1943] nolint eundem pluribus excellere, id. Brut. 21, 84:

est hoc Gallicae consuetudinis ut, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 4, 5.—

Expressing result and consequence:

est hoc commune vitium in magnis liberisque civitatibus ut invidia gloriae comes sit,

Nep. Chabr. 3, 3.—

With impersonal verbs.

Including the idea of a verb requiring an object clause, with ut:

convenit, victi utri sint eo proelio, urbem, agrum... seque uti dederent,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 71:

mihi cum Dejotaro convenit ut ille in meis castris esset,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 14:

placitum est ut in aprico loco considerent,

id. Rep. 1, 12, 18:

postea mihi placuit ut, etc.,

id. Or. 1, 34, 155:

ad Appii Claudii senectutem accedebat etiam ut caecus esset,

id. Sen. 6, 16.—So after fit, it happens:

fit ut natura ipsa ad ornatius dicendi genus incitemur,

Cic. Or. 2, 83, 338:

potest fieri ut res verbosior haec fuerit, illa verior,

it may be that, id. Att. 8, 3, 6; id. Ac. 2, 11, 36; id. Verr. 2, 2, 77, § 190.—

So with accidit, evenit, contigit: accidit... ut illo itinere veniret Lampsacum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63; so id. Imp. Pomp. 9, 25:

sed tamen hoc evenit ut in vulgus insipientium opinio valeat,

id. Tusc. 2, 26, 63:

utinam Caesari contigisset ut esset optimo cuique carissimus,

id. Phil. 5, 18, 49.—

Denoting consequence:

ex quo efficitur ut quidquid honestum sit, idem sit utile,

Cic. Off. 2, 3, 10:

sequitur ut dicamus quae beneficia danda sint et quemadmodum,

Sen. Ben. 1, 11, 1:

sequitur ut causa ponatur,

Cic. Or. 2, 81, 331.—

Est, in the meaning fit, or causa est:

est ut plerique philosophi nulla tradant praecepta dicendi,

it is a fact that, Cic. Or. 2, 36, 152:

non est igitur ut mirandum sit ea praesentiri,

there is no reason for wondering, id. Div. 1, 56, 128:

quando fuit ut quod licet non liceret?

id. Cael. 20, 48; so, in eo est ut, prope est ut, to be on the point of, to be near to:

jam in eo rem fore ut Romani aut hostes aut domini habendi sint,

Liv. 8, 27, 3:

cum jam in eo esset ut comprehenderetur,

Nep. Paus. 5, 1; id. Milt. 7, 3:

jam prope erat ut ne consulum quidem majestas coerceret iras hominum,

Liv. 2, 23, 14:

prope est ut lamentationem exigat,

Sen. Clem. 2, 6, 4.— Here belongs the circumlocution of the periphrastic future by futurum esse or fore, with ut; generally in the inf.:

arbitrabar fore ut lex de pecuniis repetundis tolleretur,

Cic. Verr. 1, 14, 41.—Very rarely in the indic.:

futurum est ut sapiam,

Sen. Ep. 117, 29.—

In attributive clauses, dependent on nouns not belonging to the predicate.

With the idea of resolve, etc.:

vicit sententia ut mitterentur coloni,

Liv. 9, 26, 4:

sententiam dixit (= censuit) ut judicum comitia haberentur,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1, 2; id. Fam. 4, 4, 5; id. Tusc. 5, 41, 119; id. Leg. 3, 15, 33.—

Of agreement:

fide accepta ut remitterent eum,

Liv. 24, 48, 8. —

Of law, rule, etc.:

praetores rogationem promulgarunt ut omnes regiae stirpis interficerentur,

Liv. 24, 25, 10:

senatus consultum factum est ut M. Fulvius litteras extemplo ad consulem mitteret,

id. 35, 24, 2:

haec ei est proposita condicio ut aut juste accusaret aut acerbe moreretur,

Cic. Clu. 14, 42:

Suevi in eam se consuetudinem induxerunt ut locis frigidissimis lavarentur in fluminibus,

Caes. B. G. 4, 1.—

Of duty:

jusjurandum poscit ut quod esse ex usu Galliae intellexissent, communi consilio administrarent,

Caes. B. G. 8, 6. —

Of purpose, inclination, etc.:

vobis dent di mentem oportet ut prohibeatis, etc.,

make you inclined, Liv. 6, 18, 9:

causa mihi fuit huc veniendi ut quosdam hinc libros promerem,

Cic. Fin. 3, 2, 8:

confectio tabularum hanc habet vim (= efficit) ut quidquid fingatur aut non constet, appareat,

id. Font. 2, 3.—

Of effect, result, etc.:

fuit ista quondam virtus ut viri fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum quam hostem everterent,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 3:

habet hoc virtus ut viros fortis species ejus et pulchritudo etiam in hoste posita delectet,

id. Pis. 32, 81:

damnatum poenam sequi oportebat ut igni cremaretur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 4.—

In clauses of manner, that, so that.

With ita, sic, adeo, tantus, talis, or tam as antecedent (v. hh. vv.;

anteclass. ut qui = ut): Adeon' me fungum fuisse ut qui illi crederem?

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 49.—

With is or hic as antecedent: eos deduxi testes et eas litteras deportavi ut de istius facto dubium esse nemini possit, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 42, § 91:

ejusmodi res publica debet esse ut inimicus neque deesse nocenti possit, neque obesse innocenti (ejusmodi = talis),

id. ib. 2, 3, 69, §

162: eo perducam servum ut in multa liber sit,

Sen. Ben. 3, 19, 2:

non eo loco res humanae sunt ut vobis tantum otii supersit,

id. Vit. Beat. 27, 6:

haec aequitas in tuo imperio fuit, haec praetoris dignitas ut servos Siculorum dominos esse velles,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 38, § 87:

hoc jure sunt socii ut eis ne deplorare quidem de suis incommodis liceat,

id. ib. 2, 2, 27, § 65.—

Without antecedents, so that:

cujus aures clausae veritati sunt ut ab amico verum audire nequeat, hujus salus desperanda est,

Cic. Lael. 24, 90:

in virtute multi sunt ascensus, ut is maxima gloria excellat qui virtute plurimum praestet,

id. Planc. 25, 60:

mons altissimus impendebat ut perpauci prohibere possent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 6:

accessit quod Domitius Heraclea iter fecerat, ut ipsa fortuna illum obicere Pompejo videretur,

id. B. C. 3, 79:

pecunia a patre exacta crudeliter, ut divenditis omnibus bonis aliquamdiu trans Tiberim veluti relegatus viveret,

Liv. 3, 13, 10:

fama Gallici belli pro tumultu valuit ut et dictatorem dici placeret,

id. 8, 17, 6:

nihilo minus... magnas percipiendum voluptates, ut fatendum sit, etc.,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 12, 1.—

Idiomat. with non.

Ut non, when the principal sentence is negative, without: non possunt una in civitate multi rem ac fortunam amittere ut non plures secum in eandem trahant calamitatem, without dragging, etc., Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

flaminem Quirinalem neque mittere a sacris neque retinere possumus ut non deum aut belli deseramus curam,

Liv. 24, 8, 10:

non ita fracti animi civitatis erant ut non sentirent, etc.,

id. 45, 25, 12:

nusquam oculi ejus flectentur ut non quod indignentur inveniant,

Sen. Ira, 2, 7, 2:

ajunt, nec honeste quemquam vivere ut non jucunde vivat, nec jucunde ut non honeste quoque,

id. Vit. Beat. 6, 3:

nemo in eo quod daturus es gratiam suam facere potest ut non tuam minuat,

id. Ben. 2, 4, 3; cf. also: ut non conferam vitam neque existimationem tuam cum illius;

neque enim est conferenda (= ut omittam conferre),

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 20, § 45.—

Non ut, followed by sed quod, causal (= non quod, sed quod;

rare): earum exempla tibi misi non ut deliberarem reddendaene essent, sed quod non dubito, etc.,

not that... but because, Cic. Att. 14, 17, 4:

haec ad te scribo non ut queas tu demere solitudinem, sed, etc.,

id. ib. 11, 15, 3.—Followed by sed ut:

benigne accipe (beneficium): rettulisti gratiam, non ut solvisse te putes, sed ut securior debeas,

Sen. Ben. 2, 35, 5; and in reversed order: quorsum haec praeterita? Quia sequitur illud, etc.;

non ut eas res causam adferrent amoris,

Cic. Fat. 15, 35.—Rarely nedum ut, in the sense of nedum alone, much less that, not to mention that (mostly post-class.; cf.

Zumpt, Gram. § 573): ne voce quidem incommoda, nedum ut illa vis fieret, paulatim permulcendo mansuefecerant plebem,

Liv. 3, 14, 6 Weissenb. ad loc.:

quando enim... fama in totam urbem penetrat? nedum ut per tot provincias innotescat,

Tac. Or. 10.—

Conditional or concessive.

Granting that ( for argument's sake):

quod ut ita sit—nihil enim pugno—quid habet ista res aut laetabile aut gloriosum?

Cic. Tusc. 1, 21, 49:

sed ut haec concedantur, reliqua qui tandem intellegi possunt?

id. N. D. 3, 16, 41:

ut tibi concedam hoc indignum esse, tu mihi concedas necesse est, etc.,

id. Clu. 53, 146:

quae, ut essent vera, conjungi debuerunt,

id. Fin. 4, 15, 40:

quae natura ut uno consensu juncta sit et continens... quid habere mundus potest cum thesauri inventione conjunctum?

id. Div. 2, 14, 33:

nihil est prudentia dulcius, quam, ut cetera auferat, adfert certe senectus,

id. Tusc. 1, 39, 94.—

Even if, although:

qui (exercitus) si pacis... nomen audiverit, ut non referat pedem, insistet certe,

Cic. Phil. 12, 3, 8:

ut ea pars defensionis relinquatur, quid impediet actionem? etc.,

id. Ac. 2, 34, 108:

ut quaeras omnia, quomodo Graeci ineptum appellant non reperies,

id. de Or. 2, 4, 18:

ut enim neminem alium nisi T. Patinam rogasset, scire potuit, illo ipso die a Milone prodi flaminem,

id. Mil. 17, 46: verum ut hoc non sit, tamen praeclarum spectaculum mihi propono, id. Att. 2, 15; id. Leg. 1, 8, 23; id. Fat. 5, 9; id. Verr. 2, 3, 64, § 151; 2, 1, 45, § 117; id. Planc. 25, 62:

qui, ut non omnis peritissimus sim belli, cum Romanis certe bellare didici,

Liv. 36, 7, 20:

neque equites armis equisque salvis tantum vim fluminis superasse verisimile est, ut jam Hispanos omnes inflati travexerint utres,

id. 21, 47, 5:

at enim, ut jam ita sint haec, quid ad vos, Romani?

id. 34, 32, 13:

ut jam Macedonia deficiat,

id. 42, 12, 10:

cum jam ut virtus vestra transire alio possit, fortuna certe loci hujus transferri non possit,

id. 5, 54, 6; 22, 50, 2; cf.:

ac jam ut omnia contra opinionem acciderent, tamen se plurimum navibus posse,

Caes. B. G. 3, 9:

ut desint vires tamen est laudanda voluntas,

Ov. P. 3, 4, 79:

ut dura videatur appellatio, tamen sola est,

Quint. 3, 8, 25; 6, prooem. 15.—Ut maxime = si maxime:

quaere rationem cur ita videatur: quam ut maxime inveneris... non tu verum testem habere, sed eum non sine causa falsum testimonium dicere ostenderis,

Cic. Ac. 2, 25, 81.—With nihilominus:

quae (res) nihilominus, ut ego absim, confici poterunt,

Cic. Fam. 10, 2, 2.—

Provided that:

ambulatiuncula, ut tantum faciamus quantum in Tusculano fecimus, prope dimidio minoris constabit isto loco,

Cic. Att. 13, 39, 2: dabo egenti, sed ut ipse non egeam;

succurram perituro, sed ut ipse non peream,

Sen. Ben. 2, 15, 1.—

In clauses of purpose (final clauses; distinguished from object clauses with ut; v. C. 1., in which the verb itself contains the idea of purpose, the clause completing the idea of the verb), in order that, so that, so as to.

In gen.:

quin voco, ut me audiat, nomine illam suo?

Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 17:

haec acta res est uti nobiles restituerentur in civitatem,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 51, 149:

intellego, tempus hoc vobis divinitus datum esse ut odio... totum ordinem liberetis,

id. Verr. 1, 15, 43:

Caesar singulis legionibus singulos legatos praefecit uti eos testes suae quisque virtutis haberet,

Caes. B. G. 1, 52.—And with ut ne, instead of ne, lest:

id ut ne fiat, haec res sola est remedio,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 49; v. 1. ne, I. B. 4. a.—Very rarely, ut non for ne, expressing a negative purpose:

ut plura non dicam neque aliorum exemplis confirmem quantum valeat (= ut praeteream),

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; cf. d. a fin. supra.—

Esp., after certain antecedents.

After id, for the purpose (ante-class.):

id huc reverti uti me purgarem tibi,

Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 28.—

After idcirco:

idcirco amicitiae comparantur ut commune commodum mutuis officiis gubernetur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 111:

legum idcirco omnes servi sumus ut liberi esse possimus,

id. Clu. 53, 146; id. Rosc. Am. 47, 137.—

After ideo and eo:

non ideo Rhenum insedimus ut Italiam tueremur, sed ne quis, etc.,

Tac. H. 4, 73:

Marionem ad te eo misi ut aut tecum ad me quam primum veniret, aut, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 16, 1, 1.—

After ad eam rem, ad hoc, in hoc:

ad eam rem vos delecti estis ut eos condemnaretis quos sectores jugulare non potuissent?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 52, 151:

praebere se facilem ad hoc ut quem obligavit etiam exsolvi velit?

Sen. Ben. 2, 17, 6:

homo natus in hoc ut mores liberae civitatis Persica servitute mutaret,

id. ib. 2, 12, 2.—

After ea mente, hac mente:

navis onerarias Dolabella ea mente comparavit ut Italiam peteret,

Cic. Fam. 12, 14, 1:

hac mente laborem Sese ferre senes ut in otia tuta recedant Ajunt,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 30.—

After potius quam:

potius ad delendam memoriam dedecoris, quam ut timorem faciat,

Liv. 6, 28, 8:

potius quodcumque casus ferat passuros, quam ut sprevisse Tarentinos videantur,

id. 9, 14, 8.—

Idiomat.

With the principal predicate, referring to the conception of the writer, understood; mostly parenthet. = the Engl. inf.: ut in pauca conferam, testamento facto mulier moritur, to be brief, etc., Cic. Caecin. 6, 17:

ecquid tibi videtur, ut ad fabulas veniamus, senex ille Caecilianus minoris facere filium rusticum?

to come to the drama, id. Rosc. Am. 16, 46:

reliquum judicium de judicibus, et, vere ut dicam, de te futurum est,

to tell the truth, id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 177:

Murena, si nemini, ut levissime dicam, odio fuit,

to say the least, id. Mur. 40, 87: ut nihil de illo tempore, nihil de calamitate rei publicae [p. 1944] querar, hoc tibi respondeo, etc., not to complain of that time, etc., id. Caecin. 33, 95: quae cum se disposuit, et partibus suis consensit, et, ut ita dicam concinuit, summum bonum tetigit, and, so to speak, chimes in, etc., Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5:

ecce— ut idem in singulos annos orbis volveretur —Hernici nuntiant Volscos et Aequos reficere, etc.,

Liv. 3, 10, 8.—

Satis ut, enough to (lit. enough for the purpose of):

satis esse magna incommoda accepta ut reliquos casus timerent,

disasters large enough to make them afraid, Caes. B. C. 3, 10.—

Quam ut after comparatives, too much to:

quod praeceptum, quia major erat quam ut ab homine videretur, idcirco adsignatum est deo,

too great to come from man, Cic. Fin. 5, 16, 44:

quis non intellegit, Canachi signa rigidiora esse quam ut imitentur veritatem?

id. Brut. 18, 70:

clarior res erat quam ut tegi ac dissimulari posset,

too clear to be covered up, Liv. 26, 51, 11:

potentius jam id malum apparuit quam ut minores per magistratus sedaretur,

id. 25, 1, 11:

est tamen aliquis minor quam ut in sinu ejus condenda sit civitas,

Sen. Ben. 2, 16, 2.

* * *

(ber; bar, bárum; borinn), v.

I.

1) to bear, carry, convey (bar B. biskup í börum suðr í Hvamm);

bera (farm) af skipi, to unload a ship;

bera (mat) af borði, to take (the meat) off the table;

bera e-t á hesti, to carry on horseback;

2) to wear (bera klæði, vápn, kórónu);

bera œgishjálm, to inspire fear and awe;

3) to bear, produce, yield (jörðin berr gras; tré bera aldin, epli);

4) to bear, give birth to, esp. of sheep and cows;

kýr hafði borit kálf, had calved;

absol., ván at hón mundi bera, that the cow would calve;

the pp. is used of men; hann hafði verit blindr borinn, born blind;

verða borinn í þenna heim, to be born into this world;

þann sóma, sem ek em til borinn, born to;

borinn e-m, frá e-m (rare), born of;

Nótt var Nörvi borin, was the daughter of N.;

borinn Sigmundi, son of S.;

5) bera e-n afli, ofrafli, ofrliði, ofrmagni, ofríki, to bear one down, overcome, oppress, one by odds or superior force;

bera e-n ráðum, to overrule one;

bera e-n málum, to bear one down (wrongfully) in a lawsuit;

bera e-n sök, to charge one with a fault;

bera e-n bjóri, to make drunk with beer;

verða bráðum borinn, to be taken by surprise;

borinn verkjum, overcome by pains;

þess er borin ván, there is no hope, all hope is gone;

borinn baugum, bribed; cf. bera fé á e-n, to bribe one;

6) to lear, be capable of bearing (of a ship, horse, vehicle);

þeir hlóðu bæði skipin sem borð báru, with as much as they could carry;

fig., to sustain, support (svá mikill mannfjöldi, at landit fekk eigi borit);

of persons, to bear up against, endure, support (grief, sorrow, etc.);

absol., bar hann drengiliga, he bore it manfully;

similarly, bera (harm) af sér, berast vel (illa, lítt) af;

bar hon sköruliga af sér, she bore up bravely;

hversu berst Auðr af um bróðurdauðann, how does she bear it?

hon berst af lítt, she is much cast down;

bera sik vel upp, to bear well up against;

7) bera e-t á, e-n á hendr e-m, to charge or tax one with (eigi erum vér þess valdir, er þú berr á oss);

bera (kvið) á e-n, to give a verdict against, declare guilty (í annat sinn báru þeir á Flosa kviðinn);

bera af e-m (kviðinn), to give a verdict for;

bera e-t af sér, to deny having done a thing;

bera or bera vitni, vætti, to bear witness, testify;

bera or bera um e-t, to give a verdict in a case;

bera e-n sannan at sök, to prove guilty by evidence;

bera e-n undan sök, to acquit;

bera í sundr frændsemi þeirra, to prove (by evidence) that they are not relations;

bera e-m vel (illa) söguna, to give a favourable (unfavourable) account of one;

refl. (pass.), berast, to be proved by evidence (þótt þér berist þat faðerni, er þú segir);

8) to set forth, report, tell;

bera e-m kveðju (orð, orðsending), to bring one a greeting, compliments (word, message);

bera or bera fram erindi sín fyrir e-n, to state (tell) one’s errand or to plead one’s case before one;

bera e-m njósn, to apprise one;

bera e-t upp, to produce, mention, tell;

bera upp gátu, to give (propound) a riddle;

bera upp erindi sín, to state one’s errand;

bera saman ráð sín, to consult together;

eyddist það ráð, er þeir báru saman, which they had designed;

9) to keep, hold, bear, of a title (bera jarlnafn, konnungsnafn);

bera (eigi) giptu, gæfu, hammingju, auðnu til e-s, (not) to have the good fortune to do a thing (bar hann enga gæfu til at þjóna þér);

bera vit, skyn, kunnáttu á e-t, to have knowledge of, uniderstanding about;

vel viti borinn, endowed with a good understanding;

bera hug, áræði, þor, traust til e-s, to have courage, confidence to do a thing;

bera áhyggju fyrir e-u, to be concerned about;

bera ást, elsku, hatr til e-s, to bear affection, love, hatred to;

10) to bear off or away, carry off (some gain);

bera sigr af e-m, af e-u, to carry off the victory from or in;

hann hafði borit sigr af tveim orustum, he had been victorious in two battles;

bera hærra (lægra) hlut to get the best (the worst) of it;

bera efra (hærra) skjöld, to gain the victory;

bera hátt (lágt) höfuðit, to bear the head high (low), to be in high (low) spirits;

bera halann bratt, lágt, to cock up or let fall the tail, to be in high or low spirits;

11) with preps.:

bera af e-m, to surpass;

en þó bar Bolli af, surpassed all the rest;

bera af sér högg, lag to ward off, parry a blow or thrust;

bera eld at, to set fire to;

bera fjötur (bönd) at e-m, to put fetters (bonds) on one;

bera vápn á e-n, to attack one with sharp weapons;

bera á or í, to smear, anoint (bera vatn í augu sér, bera tjöru í höfuð sér);

bera e-t til, to apply to, to try if it fits (bera til hvern lykil af öðrum at portinu);

bera e-t um, to wind round;

þá bar hann þá festi um sik, made it fast round his body;

bera um með e-n, to bear with, have patience with;

bera út barn, to expose a child;

12) refl., berast mikit (lítit) á, to bear oneself proudly (humbly);

láta af berast, to die;

láta fyrir berast e-s staðar, to stay, remain in a place (for shelter);

berast e-t fyrir, to design a thing (barst hann þat fyrir at sjá aldregi konur);

at njósna um, hvat hann bærist fyrir, to inquire into what he was about;

berast vápn á, to attack one another;

berast at or til, to happen;

þat barst at (happened) á einhverju sumri;

ef svá harðliga kann til at berast, if that misfortune does happen;

berast í móti, to happen, occur;

hefir þetta vel í móti borizt, it is a happy coincidence;

berast við, to be prevented;

ok nú lét almáttugr guð við berast kirkjubrunann, prevented, stopped the burning of the church;

II. impers., denoting a sort of passive or involuntary motion;

1) with acc., it bears or carries one to a place;

alla berr at sama brunni, all come to the same well (end);

bar hann (acc.) þá ofan gegnt Ösuri, he happened to come down just opposite to Ö.;

esp. of ships and sailors; berr oss (acc.) til Íslands eða annarra landa, we drift to Iceland or other countries;

þá (acc.) bar suðr í haf, they were carried out southwards;

Skarpheðin (acc.) bar nú at þeim, S. came suddenly upon them;

ef hann (acc.) skyldi bera þar at, if he should happen to come there;

e-n berr yfir, one is borne onwards, of a bird flying, a man riding;

hann (acc.) bar skjótt yfir, it passed quickly (of a flying meteor);

2) followed by preps.:

Gunnar sér, at rauðan kyrtil bar við glugginn, that a red kirtle passed before the window;

hvergi bar skugga (acc.) á, there was nowhere a shadow;

e-t berr fram (hátt), is prominent;

Ólafr konungr stóð í lyptingu ok bar hann (acc.) hátt mjök, stood out conspicuously;

e-t berr á milli, comes between;

leiti (acc.) bar á milli, a hill hid the prospect;

fig. e-m berr e-t á milli, they are at variance about a thing;

mart (acc.) berr nú fyrir augu mér, many things come now before my eyes;

veiði (acc.) berr í hendr e-m, game falls to one’s lot;

e-t berr undan, goes amiss, fails;

bera saman, to coincide;

bar nöfn þeirra saman, they had the same name;

fig., with dat.; bar öllum sögum vel saman, all the stories agreed well together;

fund várn bar saman, we met;

3) bera at, til, við, at hendi, til handa, to befall, happen, with dat. of the person;

svá bar at einn vetr, it happened one winter;

þó at þetta vandræði (acc.) hafi nú borit oss (dat.) at hendi, has befallen us;

bar honum svá til, it so befell him;

þat bar við (it so happened), at Högni kom;

raun (acc.) berr á, it is proved by fact;

4) of time, to fall upon;

ef þing (acc.) berr á hina helgu viku, if the parliament falls in the holy week;

bera í móti, to coincide, happen exactly at the same time;

5) denoting cause;

e-t berr til, causes a thing;

konungr spurði, hvat til bæri úgleði hans, what was the cause of his grief;

ætluðu þat þá allir, at þat mundi til bera, that that was the reason;

berr e-m nauðsyn til e-s, one is obliged to do a thing;

6) e-t berr undir e-n, falls to a person’s lot;

hon á arf at taka, þegar er undir hana berr, in her turn;

e-t berr frá, is surpassing;

er sagt, at þat (acc.) bæri frá, hvé vel þeir mæltu, it was extraordinary how well they spoke;

7) e-t berr bráðum, happens of a sudden;

e-t berr stóru, stórum (stœrrum), it amounts to much (more), it matters a great deal (more), it is of great (greater) importance;

8) absol. or with an adv., vel, illa, with infin.;

e-m berr (vel, illa) at gera e-t, it becomes, beseems one (well, ill) to do a thing (berr yðr vel, herra, at sjá sannindi á þessu máli);

used absol., berr vel, illa, it is beseeming, proper, fit, or unbeseeming, improper, unfit (þat þykkir eigi illa bera, at).

(að), v. to make bare (hon beraði likam sinn).

f. she-bear, = birna.

* * *

u, f.

I. [björn], a she-bear, Lat. ursa; the primitive root ‘ber’ remains only in this word (cp. berserkr and berfjall), björn (q. v.) being the masc. in use, Landn. 176, Fas. i. 367, Vkv. 9: in many Icel. local names, Beru-fjörðr, -vík, from Polar bears; fem. names, Bera, Hallbera, etc., Landn.

II. a shield, poët., the proverb, baugr er á beru sæmstr, to a shield fits best a baugr (q. v.), Lex. Poët., Edda (Gl.); hence names of poems Beru-drápa, Eg.

bar, báru, borit, pres. berr,—poët. forms with the suffixed negative; 3rd pers. sing. pres. Indic. berrat, Hm. 10; 3rd pers. sing. pret. barat, Vellekla; 1st pers. sing. barkak, Eb. 62 (in a verse); barkat ek, Hs. 8; 2nd pers. sing. bartattu; 3rd pers. pl. bárut, etc., v. Lex. Poët. [Gr. φέρειν; Lat. ferre; Ulf. bairan; A. S. beran; Germ. gebären; Engl. bear; Swed. bära; Dan. bære].

A. Lat. ferre, portare:

I. prop. with a sense of motion, to bear, carry, by means of the body, of animals, of vehicles, etc., with acc., Egil tók mjöðdrekku eina mikla, ok bar undir hendi sér, Eg. 237; bar hann heim hrís, Rm. 9; konungr lét bera inn kistur tvær, báru tveir menn hverja, Eg. 310; bera farm af skipi, to unload a ship, Ld. 32; bera (farm) á skip, to load a ship, Nj. 182; tóku alla ösku ok báru á á ( amnem) út, 623, 36; ok bar þat ( carried it) í kerald, 43, K. Þ. K. 92; b. mat á borð, í stofu, to put the meat on table, in the oven; b. mat af borði, to take it off table, Eb. 36, 266, Nj. 75, Fms. ix. 219, etc.

2. Lat. gestare, ferre, denoting to wear clothes, to carry weapons; skikkja dýr er konungr hafði borit, Eg. 318; b. kórónu, to wear the crown, Fms. x. 16; atgeir, Nj. 119; vápn, 209: metaph., b. ægishjálm, to inspire fear and awe; b. merki, to carry the flag in a battle, Nj. 274, Orkn. 28, 30, 38, Fms. v. 64, vi. 413; bera fram merki, to advance, move in a battle, vi. 406.

3. b. e-t á hesti (áburðr), to carry on horseback; Auðunn bar mat á hesti, Grett. 107; ok bar hrís á hesti, 76 new Ed.; þeir báru á sjau hestum, 98 new Ed.

II. without a sense of motion:

1. to give birth to; [the root of barn, bairn; byrja, incipere; burðr, partus; and burr, filius: cp. Lat. parĕre; also Gr. φέρειν, Lat. ferre, of child-bearing.] In Icel. prose, old as well as mod., ‘ala’ and ‘fæða’ are used of women; but ‘bera,’ of cows and sheep; hence sauðburðr, casting of lambs, kýrburðr; a cow is snembær, siðbær, Jólabær, calves early, late, at Yule time, etc.; var ekki ván at hon ( the cow) mundi b. fyr en um várit, Bs. i. 193, 194; kýr hafði borit kálf, Bjarn. 32; bar hvárrtveggi sauðrinn sinn burð, Stj. 178: the participle borinn is used of men in a great many compds in a general sense, aptrborinn, árborinn, endrborinn, frjálsborinn, goðborinn, höldborinn, hersborinn, konungborinn, óðalborinn, samborinn, sundrborinn, velborinn, úborinn, þrælborinn, etc.; also out of compds, mun ek eigi upp gefa þann sóma, sem ek em til borinn, … entitled to by inheritance, Ld. 102; hann hafði blindr verit borinn, born blind, Nj. 152, Hdl. 34, 42, Vsp. 2: esp. borinn e-m, born of one, Rm. 39, Hdl. 12, 23, 27, Hðm. 2, Gs. 9, Vþm. 25, Stor. 16, Vkv. 15; borinn frá e-m, Hdl. 24: the other tenses are in theol. Prose used of Christ, hans blezaða son er virðist at láta berast hingað í heim af sinni blezaðri móður, Fms. i. 281; otherwise only in poetry, eina dóttur (acc.) berr álfröðull (viz. the sun, regarded as the mother), Vþm. 47; hann Gjálp um bar, hann Greip um bar …, Hdl. 36: borit (sup.), Hkv. 1. 1.

β. of trees, flowers; b. ávöxt, blóm …, to bear fruit, flower … (freq.); bar aldinviðrinn tvennan blóma, Fms. ix. 265; cp. the phrase, bera sitt barr, v. barr.

2. denoting to load, with acc. of the person and dat. of the thing:

α. in prop. sense; hann hafði borit sik mjök vápnum, he had loaded himself with arms, i. e. wore heavy armour, Sturl. iii. 250.

β. but mostly in a metaph. sense; b. e-n ofrafli, ofrmagni, ofrliði, ofríki, magni, to bear one down, to overcome, oppress one, by odds or superior force, Grág. i. 101, ii. 195, Nj. 80, Hkr. ii. 371, Gþl. 474, Stj. 512, Fms. iii. 175 (in the last passage a dat. pers. badly); b. e-n ráðum, to overrule one, Nj. 198, Ld. 296; b. e-n málum, to bearhim down (wrongfully) in a lawsuit, Nj. 151; b. e-n bjóri, to make drunk, Vkv. 26: medic., borinn verkjum, sótt, Bjarn. 68, Og. 5; bölvi, Gg. 2: borne down, feeling heavy pains; þess er borin ván, no hope, all hope is gone, Ld. 250; borinn sök, charged with a cause, Fms. v. 324, H. E. i. 561; bráðum borinn, to be taken by surprise, Fms. iv. 111; b. fé, gull á e-n, to bring one a fee, gold, i. e. to bribe one, Nj. 62; borinn baugum, bribed, Alvm. 5; always in a bad sense, cp. the law phrase, b. fé í dóm, to bribe a court, Grág., Nj. 240.

3. to bear, support, sustain, Lat. sustinere, lolerare, ferre:

α. properly, of a ship, horse, vehicle, to bear, be capable of bearing; þeir hlóðu bæði skipin sem borð báru, all that they could carry, Eb. 302;—a ship ‘berr’ ( carries) such and such a weight; but ‘tekr’ ( takes) denotes a measure of fluids.

β. metaph. to sustain, support; dreif þannig svá mikill mannfjöldi at landit fékk eigi borit, Hkr. i. 56; but metaph. to bear up against, endure, support grief, sorrow, etc., sýndist öllum at Guð hefði nær ætlað hvat hann mundi b. mega, Bs. i. 139; biðr hann friðar ok þykist ekki mega b. reiði hans, Fms. iii. 80: the phrase, b. harm sinn í hljóði, to suffer silently; b. svívirðing, x. 333: absol., þótti honum mikit víg Kjartans, en þó bar hann drengilega, he bore it manfully, Ld. 226; er þat úvizka, at b. eigi slíkt, not to bear or put up with, Glúm. 327; b. harm, to grieve, Fms. xi. 425: in the phrases, b. sik, b. af sér, berask, berask vel (illa, lítt), to bear oneself, to bear up against misfortune; Guðrúnu þótti mikit fráfall Þorkels, en þó bar hon sköruliga af sér, she bore her bravely up, Ld. 326–328; lézt hafa spurt at ekkjan bæri vel af sér harmana, Eb. 88; berask af; hversu bersk Auðr af um bróðurdauðann? (how does she bear it?); hón bersk af lítt ( she is much borne down) ok þykir mikit, Gísl. 24; niun oss vandara gört en öðrum at vér berim oss vel (Lat. fortiter ferre), Nj. 197; engi maðr hefði þar jamvel borit sik, none bad borne himself so boldly, Sturl. iii. 132; b. sik vel upp, to bear well up against, bear a stout heart, Hrafn. 17; b. sik beiskliga ( sorely), Stj. 143; b. sik lítt, to be downcast, Fms. ii. 61; b. sik at göra e-t, to do one’s best, try a thing.

III. in law terms or modes of procedure:

1. bera járn, the ordeal of bearing hot iron in the hand, cp. járnburðr, skírsla. This custom was introduced into Scandinavia together with Christianity from Germany and England, and superseded the old heathen ordeals ‘hólmganga,’ and ‘ganga undir jarðarmen,’ v. this word. In Norway, during the civil wars, it was esp. used in proof of paternity of the various pretenders to the crown, Fms. vii. 164, 200, ix. Hák. S. ch. 14, 41–45, viii. (Sverr. S.) ch. 150, xi. (Jómsv. S.) ch. 11, Grett. ch. 41, cp. N. G. L. i. 145, 389. Trial by ordeal was abolished in Norway A. D. 1247. In Icel. It was very rarely mentioned, vide however Lv. ch. 23 (paternity), twice or thrice in the Sturl. i. 56, 65, 147, and Grág. i. 341, 361; it seems to have been very seldom used there, (the passage in Grett. S. l. c. refers to Norway.)

2. bera út (hence útburðr, q. v.), to expose children; on this heathen custom, vide Grimm R. A. In heathen Icel., as in other parts of heathen Scandinavia, it was a lawful act, but seldom exercised; the chief passages on record are, Gunnl. S. ch. 3 (ok þat var þá siðvandi nokkurr, er land var allt alheiðit, at þeir menn er félitlir vórn, en stóð ómegð mjök til handa létu út bera börn sín, ok þótti þó illa gört ávalt), Fs. Vd. ch. 37, Harð. S. ch. 8, Rd. ch. 7, Landn. v. ch. 6, Finnb. ch. 2, Þorst. Uxaf. ch. 4, Hervar. S. ch. 4, Fas. i. 547 (a romance); cp. Jómsv. S. ch. 1. On the introduction of Christianity into Icel. A. D. 1000, it was resolved that, in regard to eating of horse-flesh and exposure of children, the old laws should remain in force, Íb. ch. 9; as Grimm remarks, the exposure must take place immediately after birth, before the child had tasted food of any kind whatever, and before it was besprinkled with water (ausa vatni) or shown to the father, who had to fix its name; exposure, after any of these acts, was murder, cp. the story of Liafburga told by Grimm R. A.); v. Also a Latin essay at the end of the Gunnl. S. (Ed. 1775). The Christian Jus Eccl. put an end to this heathen barbarism by stating at its very beginning, ala skal barn hvert er borit verðr, i. e. all children, if not of monstrous shape, shall be brought up, N. G. L. i. 339, 363.

β. b. út (now more usual, hefja út, Am. 100), to carry out for burial; vera erfðr ok tit borinn, Odd. 20; var hann heygðr, ok út borinn at fornum sið, Fb. i. 123; b. á bál, to place (the body and treasures) upon the pile, the mode of burying in the old heathen time, Fas. i. 487 (in a verse); var hon borin á bálit ok slegit í eldi, Edda 38.

B. Various and metaph. cases.

I. denoting motion:

1. ‘bera’ is in the Grág. the standing law term for delivery of a verdict by a jury (búar), either ‘bera’ absol. or adding kvið ( verdict); bera á e-n, or b. kvið á e-n, to give a verdict against, declare guilty; bera af e-m, or b. af e-m kviðinn, to give a verdict for; or generally, bera, or b. um e-t, to give a verdict in a case; bera, or b. vitni, vætti, also simply means to testify, to witness, Nj. 111, cp. kviðburðr ( delivering of verdict), vitnisburðr ( bearing witness), Grág. ii. 28; eigi eigu búar ( jurors) enn at b. um þat hvat lög eru á landi hér, the jurors have not to give verdict in (to decide) what is law in the country, cp. the Engl. maxim, that jurors have only to decide the question of evidence, not of law, Grág. (Kb.) ch. 85; eigi eru búar skildir at b. um hvatvetna; um engi mál eigu þeir at skilja, þau er erlendis ( abroad) hafa görzt, id.; the form in delivering the verdict—höfum vér ( the jurors), orðit á eitt sáttir, berum á kviðburðinn, berum hann sannan at sökinni, Nj. 238, Grág. i. 49, 22, 138, etc.; í annat sinn báru þeir á Flosa kviðinn, id.; b. annattveggja af eðr á; b. undan, to discharge, Nj. 135; b. kvið í hag ( for), Grág. i. 55; b. lýsingar vætti, Nj. 87; b. vitni ok vætti, 28, 43, 44; b. ljúgvitni, to bear false witness, Grág. i. 28; b. orð, to bear witness to a speech, 43; bera frændsemi sundr, to prove that they are not relations, N. G. L. i. 147: reflex., berask ór vætti, to prove that oneself is wrongly summoned to bear witness or to give a verdict, 44: berask in a pass. sense, to be proved by evidence, ef vanefni b. þess manns er á hönd var lýst, Grág. i. 257; nema jafnmæli berisk, 229; þótt þér berisk þat faðerni er þú segir, Fms. vii. 164; hann kvaðst ætla, at honum mundi berask, that he would be able to get evidence for, Fs. 46.

β. gener. and not as a law term; b. á, b. á hendr, to charge; b. e-n undan, to discharge, Fs. 95; eigi erum vér þessa valdir er þú berr á oss, Nj. 238, Ld. 206, Fms. iv. 380, xi. 251, Th. 78; b. e-m á brýnn, to throw in one’s face, to accuse, Greg. 51; b. af sér, to deny; eigi mun ek af mér b., at… ( non diffitebor), Nj. 271; b. e-m gott vitni, to give one a good…, 11; b. e-m vel (illa) söguna, to bear favourable (unfavourable) witness of one, 271.

2. to bear by word of mouth, report, tell, Lat. referre; either absol. or adding kveðju, orð, orðsending, eyrindi, boð, sögu, njósn, frétt…, or by adding a prep., b. fram, frá, upp, fyrir; b. kveðju, to bring a greeting, compliment, Eg. 127; b. erindi (sín) fyrir e-n, to plead one’s case before one, or to tell one’s errand, 472, 473; b. njósn, to apprise, Nj. 131; b. fram, to deliver (a speech), talaði jungherra Magnús hit fyrsta erindi (M. made his first speech in public), ok fanst mönnum mikit um hversu úbernsliga fram var borit, Fms. x. 53; (in mod. usage, b. fram denotes gramm. to pronounce, hence ‘framburðr,’ pronunciation); mun ek þat nú fram b., I shall now tell, produce it, Ld. 256, Eg. 37; b. frá, to attest, relate with emphasis; má þat frá b., Dropl. 21; b. upp, to produce, mention, tell, þótt slík lygi sé upp borin fyrir hann, though such a lie be told him, Eg. 59; þær (viz. charges) urðu engar upp bornar ( produced) við Rút, Nj. 11; berr Sigtryggr þegar upp erindi sín (cp. Germ. ojfenbaren), 271, Ld. 256; b. upp gátu, to give (propound) a riddle, Stj. 411, Fas. i. 464; b. fyrir, to plead as an excuse; b. saman ráð sín, or the like, to consult, Nj. 91; eyddist þat ráð, er þeir báru saman, which they had designed, Post. 656 A. ii; b. til skripta, to confess (eccl.), of auricular confession, Hom. 124, 655 xx.

II. in a metaphorical or circumlocutory sense, and without any sense of motion, to keep, hold, bear, of a title; b. nafn, to bear a name, esp. as honour or distinction; tignar nafn, haulds nafn, jarls nafn, lends manns nafn, konungs nafn, bónda nafn, Fms. i. 17, vi. 278, xi. 44, Gþl. 106: in a more metaph. sense, denoting endowments, luck, disposition, or the like, b. (ekki) gæfu, hamingju, auðnu til e-s, to enjoy (enjoy not) good or bad luck, etc.; at Þórólfr mundi eigi allsendis gæfu til b. um vináttu við Harald, Eg. 75, 112, 473, Fms. iv. 164, i. 218; úhamingju, 219; b. vit, skyn, kunnáttu á (yfir) e-t, to bring wit, knowledge, etc., to bear upon a thing, xi. 438, Band. 7; hence vel (illa) viti borinn, well (ill) endowed with wit, Eg. 51; vel hyggjandi borinn, well endowed with reason, Grág. ii; b. hug, traust, áræði, þor, til e-s, to have courage, confidence … to do a thing, Gullþ. 47, Fms. ix. 220, Band. 7; b. áhyggju, önn fyrir, to care, be concerned about, Fms. x. 318; b. ást, elsku til e-s, to bear affection, love to one; b. hatr, to hate: b. svört augu, to have dark eyes, poët., Korm. (in a verse); b. snart hjarta, Hom. 5; vant er þat af sjá hvar hvergi berr hjarta sitt, where he keeps his heart, Orkn. 474; b. gott hjarta, to bear a proud heart, Lex. Poët., etc. etc.; b. skyndi at um e-t, to make speed with a thing, Lat. festinare, Fms. viii. 57.

2. with some sense of motion, to bear off or away, carry off, gain, in such phrases as, b. sigr af e-m, af e-u, to carry off the victory from or in …; hann hafði borit sigr af tveim orrustum, er frægstar hafa verit, he had borne off the victory in two battles, Fms. xi. 186; bera banaorð af e-m, to slay one in a fight, to be the victor; Þorr berr banaorð af Miðgarðsormi, Edda 42, Fms. x. 400: it seems properly to mean, to bear off the fame of having killed a man; verðat svá rík sköp, at Regin skyli mitt banorð bera, Fm. 39; b. hærra, lægra hlut, ‘to bear off the higher or the lower lot,’ i. e. to get the best or the worst of it, or the metaphor is taken from a sortilege, Fms. ii. 268, i. 59, vi. 412; b. efra, hærra skjöld, to carry the highest shield, to get the victory, x. 394, Lex. Poët.; b. hátt (lágt) höfuðit, to bear the head high (low), i. e. to be in high or low spirits, Nj. 91; but also, b. halann bratt (lágt), to cock up or let fall the tail (metaph. from cattle), to be in an exultant or low mood: sundry phrases, as, b. bein, to rest the bones, be buried; far þú til Íslands, þar mun þér auðið verða beinin at b., Grett. 91 A; en þó hygg ek at þú munir hér b. beinin í Norðrálfunni, Orkn. 142; b. fyrir borð, to throw overboard, metaph. to oppress; verðr Þórhalli nú fyrir borð borinn, Th. was defied, set at naught, Fær. 234; b. brjóst fyrir e-m, to be the breast-shield, protection of one, Fms. vii. 263: also, b. hönd fyrir höfuð sér, metaph. to put one’s hand before one’s head, i. e. to defend oneself; b. ægishjálm yfir e-m, to keep one in awe and submission, Fm. 16, vide A. I. 2.

III. connected with prepp., b. af, and (rarely) yfir (cp. afburðr, yfirburðr), to excel, surpass; eigi sá hvárttveggja féit er af öðrum berr, who gets the best of it, Nj. 15; en þó bar Bolli af, B. surpassed all the rest, Ld. 330; þat mannval bar eigi minnr af öðrum mönnum um fríðleik, afi ok fræknleik, en Ormrinn Langi af öðrum skipum, Fms. ii. 252; at hinn útlendi skal yfir b. ( outdo) þann sem Enskir kalla meistara, xi. 431: b. til, to apply, try if it fits; en er þeir báru til (viz. shoes to the hoof of a horse), þá var sem hæfði hestinum, ix. 55; bera til hvern lykil at öðrum at portinu, Thom. 141; b. e-t við, to try it on (hence viðburðr, experiment, effort): b. um, to wind round, as a cable round a pole or the like, Nj. 115; þá bar hann þá festi um sik, made it fast round his body, Fms. ix. 219; ‘b. e-t undir e-n’ is to consult one, ellipt., b. undir dóm e-s; ‘b. e-t fyrir’ is to feign, use as excuse: b. á, í, to smear, anoint; b. vatn í augu sér, Rb. 354; b. tjöru í höfuð sér, Nj. 181, Hom. 70, 73, cp. áburðr; b. gull, silfr, á, to ornament with gold or silver, Ld. 114, Finnb. 258: is now also used = to dung, b. á völl; b. vápn á e-n, to attack one with sharp weapons, Eg. 583, Fms. xi. 334: b. eld at, to set fire to, Nj. 122; b. fjötur (bönd) at e-m, to put fetters (bonds) on one, Fms. x. 172, Hm. 150: metaph. reflex., bönd berask at e-m, a law term, the evidence bears against one; b. af sér, to parry off; Gyrðr berr af sér lagit, G. parries the thrust off, Fms. x. 421; cp. A. II. 3. β.

IV. reflex., berask mikit á (cp. áburðr), to bear oneself proudly, or b. lítið á, to bear oneself humbly; hann var hinn kátasti ok barst á mikit, Fms. ii. 68, viii. 219, Eb. 258; b. lítið á, Clem. 35; láta af berask, to die; Óttarr vill skipa til um fjárfar sitt áðr hann láti af b., Fms. ii. 12: berask fyrir, to abide in a place as an asylum, seek shelter; hér munu vit láta fyrir b., Fas. iii. 471; berask e-t fyrir, to design a thing, be busy about, barsk hann þat fyrir at sjá aldregi konur, Greg. 53; at njósna um hvat hann bærist fyrir, to inquire into what he was about, Fms. iv. 184, Vígl. 19.

β. recipr. in the phrase, berask banaspjót eptir, to seek for one another’s life, Glúm. 354: b. vápn á, of a mutual attack with sharp weapons, Fms. viii. 53.

γ. pass., sár berask á e-n, of one in the heat of battle beginning to get wounds and give way, Nj.:—berask við, to be prevented, not to do; ok nú lét Almáttugr Guð við berast kirkjubrunnann, stopped, prevented the burning of the church, Fms. v. 144; en mér þætti gott ef við bærist, svá at hón kæmi eigi til þín, vi. 210, vii. 219; ok var þá búit at hann mundi þegar láta hamarinn skjanna honum, en hann lét þat við berask, he bethought himself and did not, Edda 35; því at mönnum þótti sem þannig mundi helzt úhæfa við berask, that mischief would thus be best prevented, Sturl. ii. 6, iii. 80.

C. IMPERS.:—with a sort of passive sense, both in a loc. and temp. sense, and gener. denotes an involuntary, passive motion, happening suddenly or by chance:

I. with acc. it bears or carries one to a place, i. e. one happens to come; the proverb, alla (acc.) berr at sama brunni, all come to the same well (end), Lat. omnes una manet nox; bar hann þá ofan gegnt Özuri, he happened to come in his course just opposite to Ö., Lat. delatus est, Dropl. 25: esp. of ships or sailors; nú berr svá til ( happens) herra, at vér komum eigi fram ferðinni, berr oss (acc.) til Íslands eðr annara landa, it bore us to I., i. e. if we drive or drift thither, Fms. iv. 176; þá (acc. pl.) bar suðr í haf, they drifted southwards, Nj. 124.

β. as a cricketing term, in the phrase, berr (bar) út knöttinn, the ball rolls out, Gísl. 26, cp. p. 110 where it is transit.; berr Gísli ok út knöttinn, vide Vígl. ch. 11, Grett. ch. 17, Vd. ch. 37, Hallfr. S. ch. 2.

γ. Skarpheðin (acc.) bar nú at þeim, Sk. came suddenly upon them, Nj. 144; bar at Hróaldi þegar allan skjöldinn, the shield was dashed against H.’s body, 198; ok skyldu sæta honum, ef hann (acc.) bæri þar at, if he should per chance come, shew himself there, Orkn. 406; e-n berr yfir, it bears one, i. e. one is borne onwards, as a bird flying, a man riding; þóttist vita, at hann (acc.) mundi fljótara yfir bera ef hann riði en gengi, that he would get on more fleetly riding than walking, Hrafn. 7; hann (acc.) bar skjótt yfir, he passed quickly, of a flying meteor, Nj. 194; e-n berr undan, escapes.

2. also with acc. followed by prepp. við, saman, jafnframt, hjá, of bodies coinciding or covering one another: loc., er jafnframt ber jaðrana tungls ok sólar, if the orb of the moon and sun cover each other, Rb. 34; þat kann vera stundum, at tunglit (acc.) berr jafht á millum vár ok sólar (i. e. in a moon eclipse), 108; ber nokkut jaðar (acc.) þess hjá sólar jaðri, 34; Gunnarr sér at rauðan kyrtil (acc.) bar við glugginn, G. sees that a red kirtle passed before the window, Nj. 114; bar fyrir utan þat skip vápnaburð (acc.) heiðingja (gen. pl.), the missiles of the heathens passed over the ship without hurting them, flew too high, Fms. vii. 232; hvergi bar skugga (acc.) á, nowhere a shadow, all bright, Nj. 118; þangat sem helzt mátti nokkut yfir þá skugga bera af skóginum, where they were shadowed (hidden) by the trees, Fms. x. 239; e-t berr fram (hátt), a body is prominent, Lat. eminet; Ólafr konungr stóð í lyptingunni, bar hann (acc.) hátt mjök, king O. stood out conspicuously, ii. 308; b. yfir, þótti mjök bera hljóð (acc.) þar yfir er Ólafr sat, the sound was heard over there where O. sat, Sturl. i. 21; b. á milli, something comes between; leiti (acc.) bar á milli, a hill hid the prospect, Nj. 263: metaph., e-m berr e-t á milli, they come to dissent, 13, v. 1.; b. fyrir augu (hence fyrirburðr, vision), of a vision or the like; mart (acc.) berr nú fyrir augu mér, ek sé …, many things come now before my eyes, 104; hann mundi allt þat er fyrir hann hafði borit, i. e. all the dream, 195; eina nótt berr fyrir hann í svefni mikla sýn, Fms. i. 137, Rd. 290; veiði (acc.) berr í hendr e-m (a metaphor from hunting), sport falls to one’s lot; hér bæri veiði í hendr nú, here would be a game, Nj. 252; e-t berr undan (a metaphor from fishing, hunting term), when one misses one’s opportunity; vel væri þá … at þá veiði (acc.) bæri eigi undan, that this game should not go amiss, 69; en ef þetta (acc.) berr undan, if this breaks down, 63; hon bað hann þá drepa einhvern manna hans, heldr en allt (acc.) bæri undan, rather than that all should go amiss, Eg. 258: absol., þyki mér illa, ef undan berr, if I miss it, Nj. 155; viljum vér ekki at undan beri at…, we will by no means miss it…, Fms. viii. 309, v. 1. The passage Bs. i. 416 (en fjárhlutr sá er átt hafði Ari, bar undan Guðmundi) is hardly correct, fjárhlut þann would run better, cp. bera undir, as a law term, below.

II. adding prepp.; b. við, at, til, at hendi, at móti, til handa …, to befall, happen, Lat. accidere, occurrere, with dat. of the person, (v. atburðr, viðburðr, tilburðr); engi hlut skyldi þann at b., no such thing should happen as…, Fms. xi. 76; svá bar at einn vetr, it befell, x. 201; þat hefir nú víst at hendi borit, er…, Nj. 174; þó þetta vandræði (acc.) hafi nú borit oss (dat.) at hendi, Eg. 7; b. til handa, id., Sks. 327; bar honum svá til, so it befell him, Fms. xi. 425; at honum bæri engan váðaligan hlut til á veginum, that nothing dangerous should befall him on the way, Stj. 212; bæri þat þá svá við, at hann ryfi, it then perchance might happen, that …, 102; þat bar við at Högni kom, 169, 172, 82; raun (acc.) berr á, it is proved by the fact, event, Fms. ix. 474, x. 185.

2. temp., e-t berr á, it happens to fall on …; ef þing (acc.) ber á hina helgu viku, if the parliament falls on the holy week (Whitsun), Grág. i. 106; ef Crucis messu (acc.) berr á Drottins dag, Rb. 44; berr hana (viz. Petrs messu, June 29) aldrei svá optarr á öldinni, 78; þat er nú berr oss næst, what has occurred of late, Sturl. iii. 182: b. í móti, to happen exactly at a time; þetta (acc.) bar í móti at þenna sama dag andaðist Brandr biskup, Bs. i. 468; b. saman, id.; bar þat saman, at pá var Gunnarr at segja brennusöguna, just when G. was about telling the story, Nj. 269.

3. metaph. of agreement or separation; en þat (acc.) þykir mjök saman b. ok þessi frásögn, Fms. x. 276: with dat., bar öllum sögum vel saman, all the records agreed well together, Nj. 100, v. l.; berr nú enn í sundr með þeim, Bjarna ok Þorkatli at sinni, B. and Th. missed each other, Vápn. 25.

4. denoting cause; e-t (acc.) berr til …, causes a thing; ætluðu þat þá allir, at þat mundi til bera, that that was the reason, Nj. 75; at þat beri til skilnaðar okkars, that this will make us to part (divorce), 261; konungr spurði, hvat til bæri úgleði hans, what was the cause of his grief? Fms. vi. 355; þat berr til tunglhlaups, Rb. 32.

β. meiri ván at brátt beri þat (acc.) til bóta, at herviliga steypi hans ríki, i. e. there will soon come help (revenge), Fms. x. 264; fjórir eru þeir hlutir er menn (acc.) berr í ætt á landi hér, there are four cases under which people may be adopted, Grág. i. 361.

γ. e-t berr undir e-n, falls to a person’s lot; hon á arf at taka þegar er undir hana berr, in her turn, 179; mikla erfð (acc.) bar undir hana, Mar. (Fr.); berr yfir, of surpassing, Bs. ii. 121, 158; b. frá, id. (fráburðr); herðimikill svá at þat (acc.) bar frá því sem aðrir menn, Eg. 305; er sagt, at þat bæri frá hve vel þeir mæltu, it was extraordinary how well they did speak, Jb. 11; bar þat mest frá hversu illa hann var limaðr, but above all, how…, Ó. H. 74.

5. with adverbial nouns in a dat. form; e-t berr bráðum, happens of a sudden; berr þetta (acc.) nú allbráðum, Fms. xi. 139; cp. vera bráðum borinn, to be taken by surprise (above); berr stórum, stærrum, it matters a great deal; ætla ek stærrum b. hin lagabrotin (acc.), they are much more important, matter more, vii. 305; var þat góðr kostr, svá at stórum bar, xi. 50; hefir oss orðit svá mikil vanhyggja, at stóru berr, an enormous blunder, Gísl. 51; svá langa leið, at stóru bar, Fas. i. 116; þat berr stórum, hversu mér þóknast vel þeirra athæfi, it amounts to a great deal, my liking their service, i. e. I do greatly like, Fms. ii. 37; eigi berr þat allsmám hversu vel mér líkar, in no small degree do I like, x. 296.

β. with dat., it is fitting, becoming; svá mikit sem landeiganda (dat.) berr til at hafa eptir lögum, what he is legally entitled to, Dipl. iii. 10; berr til handa, it falls to one’s lot, v. above, Grág. i. 93.

III. answering to Lat. oportet, absolutely or with an adverb, vel, illa, with infinit.; e-m berr, it beseems, becomes one; berr þat ekki né stendr þvílíkum höfuðfeðr, at falsa, Stj. 132; berr yðr (dat.) vel, herra, at sjá sannindi á þessu máli, Fms. ix. 326; sagði, at þat bar eigi Kristnum mönnum, at særa Guð, x. 22; þá siðu at mér beri vel, Sks. 353 B: used absol., berr vel, illa, it is beseeming, proper, fit, unbeseeming, unfit, improper; athæfi þat er vel beri fyrir konungs augliti, 282; þat þykir ok eigi illa bera, at maðr hafi svart skinn til hosna, i. e. it suits pretty well, 301: in case of a pers. pron. in acc. or dat. being added, the sentence becomes personal in order to avoid doubling the impers. sentence, e. g. e-m berr skylda (not skyldu) til, one is bound by duty; veit ek eigi hver skylda (nom.) yðr (acc.) ber til þess at láta jarl einn ráða, Fms. i. 52: also leaving the dat. out, skylda berr til at vera forsjámaðr með honum, vii. 280; eigi berr hér til úviska mín, it is not that I am not knowing, Nj. 135.

IV. when the reflex. inflexion is added to the verb, the noun loses its impers. character and is turned from acc. into nom., e. g. þar (þat?) mun hugrinn minn mest hafa fyrir borizt, this is what I suspected, fancied, Lv. 34; cp. hugarburðr, fancy, and e-t berr fyrir e-n (above, C. I. 2); hefir þetta (nom.) vel í móti borizt, a happy coincidence, Nj. 104; ef svá harðliga kann til at berask, if the misfortunes do happen, Gþl. 55; barsk sú úhamingja (nom.) til á Íslandi, that mischief happened (no doubt the passage is thus to be emended), Bs. i. 78, but bar þá úhamingju …; þat (nom.) barsk at, happened, Fms. x. 253; fundir várir (nom.) hafa at borizt nokkurum sinnum, vii. 256; þat barsk at á einhverju sumri, Eg. 154; bærist at um síðir at allr þingheimrinn berðist, 765, cp. berast við, berask fyrir above (B. V.): berast, absol., means to be shaken, knocked about; var þess ván, at fylkingar mundu berast í hergöngunni, that they would be brought into some confusion, Fms. v. 74; Hrólfr gékk at ramliga, ok barst Atli (was shaken, gave away) fyrir orku sakir, þar til er hann féll. Fas. iii. 253; barst Jökull allr fyrir orku sakir (of two wrestling), Ísl. ii. 467, Fms. iii. 189: vide B. IV.

D. In mod. usage the strong bera—bar is also used in impersonal phrases, denoting to let a thing be seen, shew, but almost always with a negative preceding, e. g. ekki bar (ber) á því, it could ( can) not be seen; að á engu bæri, láta ekki á bera ( to keep tight), etc. All these phrases are no doubt alterations from the weak verb bera, að, nudare, and never occur in old writers; we have not met with any instance previous to the Reformation; the use is certainly of late date, and affords a rare instance of weak verbs turning into strong; the reverse is more freq. the case.

ð, also spelt görva, giörva, geyra, giora, gera: prop. gøra, not gra (the ø was sounded nearly as y or ey), so that the g is to be sounded as an aspirate, however the word is spelt; and the insertion of i or j (giöra, gjöra), which is usual in mod. writing, and often occurs in old, is phonetic, not radical, and göra and gjöra represent the same sound. The word in the oldest form had a characteristic v, and is spelt so on the Runic stones in the frequent Runic phrase, gaurva kubl, Baut., and Danske Runemind. passim; but also now and then in old Icel. MSS., e. g. the Kb. of Sæm. (cited from Bugge’s Edit.), gorva, Am. 75, Skv. 1. 34, 3. 20, Hm. 123, Og. 29; gerva, Am. 64, Bkv. 3; giorva, Rm. 9; giorfa, 28; gorvir, Hkv. Hjörv. 41; gørvom, Hým. 6; gorviz, Am. 35; gerviz, Merl. 2. 89:—this characteristic v has since been dropped, and it is usually spelt without it in MSS., gora, Hým. 1, Og. 23, Ls. 65; gera, Am. 85; gorir, Hm. 114: the pret. always drops the v, gorþi, Hym. 21; gorðo or gorþo, fecerunt, Hm. 142, Am. 9; gorðumz, Hðm. 28; gerþi, Am. 74; gerþit, 26:—with i inserted, Rm. 9, 22; giordu, 11; in the Mork. freq. giavra. The ö is still sounded in the east of Icel., whereas gera is the common form in speech, gjöra in writing:—the old pres. indic. used by the poets and in the laws is monosyllabic görr, with suffixed negative, görr-a, Hkr. i. (in a verse); mod. bisyllabic görir, which form is also the usual one in the Sagas:—the old part. pass. was görr or gerr, geyrr, Fms. ix. 498, x. 75, where the v was kept before a vowel, and is often spelt with f, gorvan, gorvir, and gorfan, gorfir: dat. so-goro or so-guru adverbially = sic facto: the mod. part. gjörðr, gerðr, görðr, as a regular part. of the 2nd weak conjugation, which form occurs in MSS. of the 15th century, e. g. Bs. i. 877, l. 21. [This is a Scandin. word; Dan. gjöre; Swed. göra; Old Engl. and Scot. gar, which is no doubt of Scandin. origin, the Saxon word being do, the Germ. thun, neither of which is used in the Scandin.; the word however is not unknown to the Teut., though used in a different sense; A. S. gervan and gearvjan = parare; O. H. G. karwan; Germ. gerben, garben, but esp. the adj. and adv. gar, vide above s. v. gör-.] To make, to do; the Icel. includes both these senses.

A. To make:

I. to build, work, make, etc.; göra himin ok jörð, 623. 36, Hom. 100; göra hús, to build a house, Fms. xi. 4, Rb. 384; göra kirkju, Bjarn. 39; göra skip, N. G. L. i. 198; göra langskip, Eg. 44; göra stólpa, Al. 116; göra tól (= smíða), Vsp. 7; göra (fingr)-gull, Bs. i. 877; göra haug, to build a cairn, Eg. 399; göra lokhvílu, Dropl. 27; göra dys, Ld. 152; göra kistu ( coffin), Eg. 127; göra naust, N. G. L. i. 198; göra jarðhús, Dropl. 34; göra veggi, Eg. 724: also, göra bók, to write a book, Íb. 1, Rb. 384; göra kviðling, to make a song, Nj. 50; göra bréf, to draw up a deed ( letter), Fms. ix. 22; göra nýmæli, to frame a law, Íb. 17.

2. adding prep.; göra upp, to repair, rebuild, restore, Fb. ii. 370; göra upp Jórsala-borg, Ver. 43; göra upp skála, Ld. 298; göra upp leiði, to build up a grave.

II. to make, prepare, get ready; göra veizlu, drykkju, brúðkaup, erfi, and poët. öl, öldr, to make a feast, brew bridal ale, Fs. 23, Fms. xi. 156, Dropl. 6, Am. 86; göra seið, blót, to perform a sacrifice, Ld. 152; göra bú, to set up a house, Grág. i. 185, Ld. 68; göra eld, to make a fire, Fs. 100, K. Þ. K. 88; göra rekkju, to make one’s bed, Eg. 236; göra upp hvílur, Sturl. ii. 124; göra graut, to make porridge, Eg. 196, N. G. L. i. 349; göra drykk, to make a drink, Fms. i. 8; göra kol, or göra til kola, to make charcoal, Ölk. 35.

III. in somewhat metaph. phrases; göra ferð, to make a journey, Fms. x. 281; görði heiman för sína, he made a journey from home, Eg. 23; göra sinn veg, to make one’s way, travel, Mar.; göra uppreisn, to make an uprising, to rebel, Rb. 384, Fms. ix. 416; göra úfrið, to make war, 656 C. 15; göra sátt, göra frið, to make peace, Hom. 153, Bs. i. 24; göra féskipti, Nj. 118; göra tilskipan, to make an arrangement, Eg. 67; göra ráð sitt, to make up one’s mind, Nj. 267, Fms. ix. 21; göra hluti, to cast lots, Fms. x. 348.

2. to make, give, pay, yield; göra tíund, to pay tithes, Hom. 180; hann skal göra Guði tíunda hlut verðsins, id.; göra ölmusu, to give alms, 64; göra ávöxt, to yield fruit, Greg. 48; gefa né göra ávöxt, Stj. 43; göra konungi skatt eða skyld, Fms. xi. 225.

3. to contract; göra vináttu, félagskap, to contract friendship, Nj. 103, Eg. 29; göra skuld, to contract a debt, Grág. i. 126: göra ráð með e-m, to take counsel with, advise one, Eg. 12; göra ráð fyrir, to suppose, Nj. 103, Fms. ix. 10; göra mun e-s, to make a difference, i. 255, Eb. 106.

4. to make, make up, Lat. efficere; sex tigir penninga göra eyri, sixty pence make an ounce, Grág. i. 500, Rb. 458.

5. to grant, render; göra kost, to make a choice, to grant, Nj. 130, Dropl. 6, Fms. xi. 72, (usually ellipt., kostr being understood); vil ek at þér gerit kostinn, Nj. 3; ok megit þér fyrir því göra ( grant) honum kostinn, 49, 51; göra e-m lög, to grant the law to one, 237; göra guðsifjar, to make ‘gossip’ with one, to be one’s godfather, Fms. ii. 130.

6. special usages; göra spott, háð, gabb, … at e-u, to make sport, gibes, etc. at or over a thing, Fms. x. 124; göra iðran, to do penance, Greg. 22; göra þakkir, to give thanks, Hom. 55; göra róm at máli e-s, to cheer another’s speech, shout hear, hear! var görr at máli hans mikill rómr ok góðr, his speech was much cheered, Nj. 250,—a parliamentary term; the Teutons cheered, the Romans applauded (with the hands), cp. Tacit. Germ.

7. with prepp.; gera til, to make ready or dress meat; láta af ( to kill) ok göra til ( and dress), K. Þ. K. 80, Ísl. ii. 83, 331, Fs. 146, 149, Bjarn. 31, Finnb. 228; göra til nyt, to churn milk, K. Þ. K. 78; göra til sverð, to wash and clean the sword, Dropl. 19; máttu þeir eigi sjá, hversu Þorvaldr var til gerr, how Th. got a dressing, Nj. 19.

β. göra at e-u, to mend, make good, put right (at-görð), ek skal at því gera, Fms. xi. 153, Eg. 566, Nj. 130: to heal, Bárð. 171, Eg. 579, Grág. i. 220; göra at hesti, K. Þ. K. 54, Nj. 74: göra við e-u, vide B. II.

8. adding acc. of an adj., part., or the like; göra mun þat margan höfuðlausan, Nj. 203; göra mikit um sik, to make a great noise, great havoc, Fb. i. 545, Grett. 133, Fms. x. 329; göra e-n sáttan, to reconcile one, Grág. i. 336; göra sér e-n kæran, to make one dear to oneself, Hkr. i. 209; göra sik líkan e-m, to make oneself like to another, imitate one, Nj. 258; göra sik góðan, to make oneself good or useful, 74, 78; göra sik reiðan, to take offence, 216; göra sér dælt, to make oneself at home, take liberties, Ld. 134, Nj. 216; göra langmælt, to make a long speech, Sks. 316; göra skjót-kjörit, to make a quick choice, Fms. ii. 79; göra hólpinn, to ‘make holpen,’ to help, x. 314; göra lögtekit, to make a law, issue a law, xi. 213, Bs. i. 37; hann gerði hann hálshöggvinn, he had him beheaded, Fms. ix. 488, v. l.; ok görðu þá handtekna alla at minsta kosti, Sturl. i. 40; várir vöskustu ok beztu menn era görfir handteknir, 41.

β. göra sér mikit um e-t, to make much of, admire, Eg. 5, Fms. x. 254, 364; göra e-t at ágætum, to make famous, extol a thing, vii. 147; göra at orðum, to notice as remarkable, Fas. i. 123; göra at álitum, to take into consideration, Nj. 3; göra sér úgetið at e-u, to be displeased with, Ld. 134; göra vart við sik, to make one’s presence noticed, Eg. 79; göra sér mikit, lítið fyrir, to make great, small efforts, Finnb. 234; göra sér í hug, to brood over; hann gerði sér í hug at drepa jarl, Fs. 112; göra sér í hugar lund, to fancy, think: göra af sér, to exert oneself, ef þú gerir eigi meira af þér um aðra leika, Edda 32; hvárt hann var með Eiríki jarli, eðr görði hann annat af sér, or what else he was making of himself, Fms. xi. 157.

9. phrases, gera fáleika á sik, to feign, make oneself look sad, Nj. 14; esp. adding upp, gera sér upp veyki, to feign sickness, (upp-gerð, dissimulation); göra sér til, to make a fuss, (hence, til-gerð, foppishness.)

B. To do:

I. to do, act; allt þat er hann gerir síðan ( whatever he does), þat á eigandi at ábyrgjask, Gþl. 190; þér munut fátt mæla eðr gera, áðr yðr munu vandræði af standa, i. e. whatsoever you say or do will bring you into trouble, Nj. 91; göra e-t með harðfengi ok kappi, 98; ger svá vel, ‘do so well,’ be so kind! 111; gerit nú svá, góði herra (please, dear lord!), þiggit mitt heilræði, Fms. vii. 157: and in mod. usage, gerið þér svo vel, gerðu svo vel, = Engl. please, do! sagði, at hann hafði með trúleik gört, done faithfully, Eg. 65; göra gott, to do good; göra íllt, to do evil, (góð-görð, íll-görð); ok þat var vel gört, well done, 64; geyrða ek hotvetna íllt, I did evil in all things, Niðrst. 109; hefir hann marga hluti gört stór-vel til mín, he has done many things well towards me, I have received many great benefits at his hands, Eg. 60: with dat., svá mikit gott sem jarl hefir mér gert, Nj. 133; þér vilda ek sízt íllt göra, I would least do harm to thee, 84: göra fúlmennsku, to do a mean act, 185; göra vel við e-n, to do well to one, Fs. 22; göra stygð við e-n, to offend one, Fms. x. 98; göra sæmiliga til e-s, to do well to one, Ld. 62, Nj. 71; göra sóma e-s, to do honour to one, Fms. vii. 155; göra e-m gagn, to give help to one, Nj. 262; göra e-m sæmd, skomm, to do ( shew) honour, dishonour, to one, 5, Fms. x. 43; göra háðung, xi. 152; göra styrk, to strengthen one, ix. 343; göra e-m skapraun, to tease one; göra ósóma, Vápn. 19; göra skaða ( scathe), Eg. 426; göra óvina-fagnað, to give joy to one’s enemies, i. e. to do just what they want one to do, Nj. 112; göra til skaps e-m, to conform to one’s wishes, 80; gerum vér sem faðir vár vill, let us do as our father wishes, 198; vel má ek gera þat til skaps föður míns at brenna inni með honum, id.; göra at skapi e-s, id., 3; var þat mjök gert móti mínu skapi, Fms. viii. 300; gera til saka við e-n, to offend, sin against one, Nj. 80; gera á hluta e-s, to wrong one, Vígl. 25; göra ílla fyrir sér, to behave badly, Fms. vii. 103.

II. adding prep.; göra til e-s, to deserve a thing (cp. til-görð, desert, behaviour); hvat hafðir þú til gört, what hast thou done to deserve it? Nj. 130; framarr en ek hefi til gört, more than I have deserved, Fms. viii. 300; ok hafit þér Danir heldr til annars gört, ye Danes have rather deserved the reverse, xi. 192, Hom. 159:—göra eptir, to do after, imitate, Nj. 90:—göra við e-u (cp. við-görð, amendment), to provide for, amend, ok mun úhægt vera at göra við forlögum þeirra, Ld. 190; er úhægt at göra við ( to resist) atkvæðum, Fs. 22; ok mun ekki mega við því gera, Nj. 198:—göra af við e-n (cp. af-görð, evil doing), to transgress against one, ek hefi engan hlut af gört við þik, Fms. vii. 104, viii. 241; ok iðrask nú þess er hann hefir af gert, 300; göra af við Guð, to sin against God, Hom. 44.

2. special usages; göra … at, to do so and so; spurði, hvat hann vildi þá láta at gera, he asked what he would have done, Nj. 100; hann gerði þat eina at, er hann átti, he did only what be ought, 220; þeir Flosi sátu um at rengja, ok gátu ekki at gert, F. tried, and could do nothing, 115, 242; þér munut ekki fá at gert, fyrr en …, 139; Flosi ok hans menn fengu ekki at gert, 199; mikit hefir þú nú at gert, much hast thou now done ( it is a serious matter), 85; er nú ok mikit at gert um manndráp siðan, 256; hann vildi taka vöru at láni, ok göra mikit at, and do great things, Ld. 70; Svartr hafði höggit skóg ok gert mikit at, Nj. 53; slíkt gerir at er sölin etr, so it happens with those who eat seaweed, i. e. that (viz. thirst) comes of eating seaweed, Eg. 605.

β. göra af e-u, to do so and so with a thing; hvat hafið ér gert af Gunnari, Njarð. 376; ráð þú draumana, vera má at vér gerim af nokkut, may be that we may make something out of it, Ld. 126; gör af drauminum slíkt er þér þykkir líkligast, do with the dream ( read it) as seems to thee likeliest, Ísl. ii. 196: göra við e-n, to do with one; þá var um rætt, hvað við þá skyldi göra, what was to be done with them? Eg. 232; ærnar eru sakir til við Egil, hvat sem eg læt göra við hann, 426; eigi veit ek hvat þeir hafa síðan við gört, 574: göra fyrir e-t, to provide; Jón var vel fjáreigandi, ok at öllu vel fyrir gört, a wealthy and well-to-do man, Sturl. iii. 195; þótt Björn sé vel vígr maðr, þá er þar fyrir gört, því at …, but that is made up, because …: fyrir göra (q. v.), to forfeit.

C. METAPH. AND SPECIAL USAGES:

I. to do, help, avail; nú skulum vér ganga allir á vald jarlsins, því at oss gerir eigi annat, nothing else will do for us, Nj. 267; þat mun ekki gera, that wont do, 84; en ek kann ekki ráð til at leggja ef þetta gerir ekki, Fms. ii. 326; konungr vill þat eigi, þvi at mér gerir þat eigi ( it will not do for me) at þér gangit hér upp, x. 357; þat gerir mér ekki, at þér gangit á Orminn, … en hitt má vera at mér komi at gagni, ii. 227; þóttisk þá vita, at honum mundi ekki gera ( it would do nothing) at biðja fyrir honum, Fb. i. 565; engum gerði við hann at keppa, 571; ekki gerði þeim um at brjótask, Bárð. 10 new Ed.; sagða ek yðr eigi, at ekki mundi gera at leita hans, Sks. 625; hvat gerir mér nú at spyrja, Stj. 518; ekki gerir at dylja, no use hiding it, Fbr. 101 new Ed.; ætla þat at fáir þori, enda geri engum, Band. 7; bæði var leitað til annarra ok heima, ok gerði ekki, but did no good, 4; hét hann þeim afarkostum, ok gerði þat ekki, but it did no good, Fms. ii. 143.

II. to send, despatch, cp. the Engl. to ‘do’ a message; hann gerði þegar menn frá sér, Eg. 270; hann hafði gört menn sex á skóginn fyrir þá, 568; þá gerði Karl lið móti þeim, Fms. i. 108; jarl gerði Eirík at leita Ribbunga, ix. 314; hann gerði fram fyrir sik Álf á njósn, 488; hann gerði menn fyrir sér at segja konunginum kvámu sína, x. 10; hleypi-skúta var gör norðr til Þrándheims, vii. 206; jafnan gerði jarl til Ribbunga ok drap menn af þeim, ix. 312; vilja Ósvífrs-synir þegar gera til þeirra Kotkels, despatch them to slay K., Ld. 144; skulu vér nú göra í mót honum, ok láta hann engri njósn koma, 242:—göra eptir e-m, to send after one, Nero bað göra eptir postulunum ok leiða þangat, 656 C. 26; nú verðr eigi eptir gört at miðjum vetri, Grág. i. 421; frændr Bjarnar létu göra eptir (Germ. abholen) líki hans, Bjarn. 69; síðan gerðu þeir til klaustrs þess er jómfrúin var í, Fms. x. 102:—gera e-m orð, njósn, to do a message to one; hann gerði orð jörlum sínum, Eg. 270; ætluðu þeir at göra Önundi njósn um ferðir Egils, 386, 582; vóru þangat orð gör, word was sent thither, Hkr. ii. 228.

III. with infin. as an auxiliary verb, only in poetry and old prose (laws); ef hón gerði koma, if she did come, Völ. 5; gerðit vatn vægja, Am. 25; gramr gørr-at sér hlífa, he does not spare himself, Hkr. i. (in a verse); gerðut vægjask, id., Fs. (in a verse); hann gerðisk at höggva, Jb. 41; görðir at segja, Bkv. 15; görðisk at deyja, Gkv. 1. 1: in prose, eigi gerir hugr minn hlægja við honum, Fas. i. 122; góðir menn göra skýra sitt mál með sannsögli, 677. 12; Aristodemus görði eigi enn at trúa, Post.: esp. in the laws, ef þeir göra eigi ganga í rúm sín, Grág. i. 8; ef goðinn gerr eigi segja, 32; ef hann gerr eigi í ganga, 33; ef þeir göra eigi hluta meðr sér, 63; ef dómendr göra eigi dæma, 67; ef dómendr göra eigi við at taka, id.; ef goðinn gerr eigi ( does not) nefna féráns-dóm, 94; nú göra þeir menn eigi úmaga færa, 86; ef þeir göra eigi nefna kvöðina af búanum, Kb. ii. 163; ef þeir göra eigi segja, hvárt …, Sb. ii. 52; nú gerr sá eigi til fara, Kb. ii. 96; göra eigi koma, 150; ef hann gerr eigi kjósa, § 113.

IV. a law term, göra um, or gera only, to judge or arbitrate in a case; fékksk þat af, at tólf menn skyldu göra um málit, Nj. 111; villt þú göra um málit, 21; bjóða mun ek at göra um, ok lúka upp þegar görðinni, 77; mun sá mála-hluti várr beztr, at góðir menn geri um, 88; málin vóru lagið í gerð, skyldu gera um tólf menn, var þá gert um málin á þingi, var þat gert, at … (follows the verdict), 88; vil ek at þú sættisk skjótt ok látir góða menn gera um …, at hann geri um ok enir beztu menn af hvárra liði lögliga til nefndir, 188; Njáll kvaðsk eigi gera mundu nema á þingi, 105; þeir kváðusk þat halda mundu, er hann gerði, id.; skaltú gera sjálfr, 58; fyrr en gert var áðr um hitt málit, 120; ek vil bjóðask til at göra milli ykkar Þórðar um mál yðar, Bjarn. 55; Þorsteinn kvað þat þó mundi mál manna, at þeir hefði góða nefnd um sættir þótt hann görði, 56; nú er þegar slegit í sætt málinu með því móti, at Áskell skal göra um þeirra í milli, Rd. 248; er nú leitað um sættir milli þeirra, ok kom svá at þeir skulu göra um málin Þorgeirr goði frá Ljósa-vatni ok Arnórr ór Reykjahlíð, sú var görð þeirra at …, 288; svá kemr at Ljótr vill at Skapti görði af hans hendi, en Guðmundr vill sjálfr göra fyrir sína hönd, skyldi Skapti gerð upp segja, Valla L. 225; eigi hæfir þat, leitum heldr um sættir ok geri Þorgeirr um mál þessi, Lv. 12; var jafnt gört sár Þórðar ok sár Þórodds, Eb. 246; þær urðu mála-lyktir at Þórðr skyldi göra um …, 24; ok vóru þá görvar miklar fésektir, 128; var leitað um sættir, ok varð þat at sætt, at þeir Snorri ok Steindórr skyldi göra um, 212; þit erut gerfir héraðs-sekir sem íllræðis-menn, Fs. 58: göra görð, Sturl. i. 63, 105: adding the fine, to fix the amount, þat er gerð mín, at ek geri verð húss ok matar, I fix the amount of the value of the house and (stolen) stores, Nj. 80; gerði Njáll hundrað silfrs, N. put it at a hundred silver pieces, 58; margir mæltu, at mikit vaeri gert, that the amount was high, id.; slíkt fégjald sem gert var, 120; vilit ér nokkut héraðs-sektir göra eða utanferðir, 189; hann dæmdi þegar, ok görði hundrað silfrs, 6l; síðan bauð Bjarni Þorkatli sætt ok sjálfdæmi, görði Bjarni hundrað silfrs, Vápn. 31; ek göri á hönd Þóri hundrað silfrs, Lv. 55; ek göri á hönd þér hundrað silfrs, id.; vilit þér, at ek göra millum ykkar? síðan görði konungr konuna til handa Þórði ok öll fé hennar, Bjarn. 17; Rafn kvað hann mikit fé annat af sér hafa gört, at eigi þætti honum þat betra, Fs. 30; Gellir görði átta hundrað silfrs, Lv. 97; fyrir þat gerði Börkr hinn digri af honum eyjarnar, B. took the isles from him as a fine, Landn. 123: adding the case as object, Gunnarr gerði gerðina, G. gave judgment in the case, Nj. 80; fyrr en gert var áðr um hitt málit, till the other case was decided, 120; þá sætt er hann görði Haraldi jarli, that settlement which he made for earl Harold, Fms. viii. 300: Flosi var görr utan ok allir brennu-menn, F. was put out ( banished) and all the burners, Nj. 251: metaph., nema þau vili annat mál á gera, unless they choose to settle it otherwise, Grág. i. 336.

2. in the phrase, göra sekð, to make a case of outlawry, Grág. i. 118; eigi um görir sekð manns ella, else the outlawry takes no effect; en hann um görir eigi ella sekðina, else he cannot condemn him, 119.

3. to perform; eptir-gerðar þeirrar sem hverr nennti framast at gera eptir sinn náung, Fms. viii. 103; en þat grunaði konung, at hann mundi ætla at göra eptir sumar sættir, i. e. that he had some back door to escape by, Orkn. 58 (cp. Ó. H.); allt þat er þér gerit nú fyrir þeirra sálum, id.

V. special usages, to make allowance for; gera fóðr til fjár, to make an arbitrary allowance for, Ísl. ii. 138; hence, to suppose, en ef ek skal göra til fyrir fram ( suggest) hvat er hón (the code) segir mér, þá segi ek svá, at …, Fms. ix. 331; gera sér í hug, Fs. 112; göra sér í hugar-lund, to fancy; göra e-m getsakir, to impute to one; gera orð á e-u, to report a thing; þat er ekki orð á því geranda, ‘tis not worth talking about; eigi þarf orð at göra hjá því (‘tis not to be denied), sjálfan stólkonunginn blindaði hann, Mork. 14 (cp. Fms. vi. 168, l. c.); gera sér létt, to take a thing lightly, Am. 70; göra sér far um, to take pains; göra sér í hug, hugar-lund, to suppose.

D. IMPERS. it makes one so and so, one becomes; hann görði fölvan í andliti, he turned pale, Glúm. 342; leysti ísinn ok görði varmt vatnið, the water became warm, 623. 34; veðr görði hvast, a gale arose, Eg. 128; hríð mikla gerði at þeim, they were overtaken by a storm, 267; þá gerði ok á hríð (acc.) veðrs, 281; féll veðrit ok gerði logn (acc.), and became calm, 372; görði þá stórt á firðinum, the sea rose high, 600; til þess er veðr lægði ok ljóst gerði, and till it cleared up, 129; um nóttina gerði á æði-veðr ok útsynning, 195; görir á fyrir þeim hafvillur, they lost their course (of sailors), Finnb. 242; mér gerir svefnhöfugt, I grow sleepy, Nj. 264; þá görði vetr mikinn þar eptir hinn næsta, Rd. 248.

E. REFLEX, to become, grow, arise, and the like; þá görðisk hlátr, then arose laughter, Nj. 15; görðisk bardagi, it came to a fight, 62, 108; sá atburðr görðisk, it came to pass, Fms. x. 279; þau tíðendi er þar höfðu görzt, Ld. 152; gerðisk með þeim félagskapr, they entered into fellowship, Eg. 29; gerðisk svá fallit kaup, Dipl. ii. 10; Sigurðr konungr gerðisk ( grew up to be) ofstopa-maðr …, görðisk mikill maðr ok sterkr, Fms. vii. 238; hann görðisk brátt ríkr maðr ok stjórnsamr, xi. 223; Unnr görðisk þá mjök elli-móð, U. became worn with age, Ld. 12; sár þat er at ben görðisk, a law term, a wound which amounted to a bleeding wound, Nj. passim:—to be made, to become, görask konungr, to become king, Eg. 12; ok görðisk skáld hans, and became his skáld, 13; görðisk konungs hirðmaðr, 27; görask hans eigin-kona, to become his wedded wife, Fms. i. 3; at hann skyldi görask hálf-konungr yfir Dana-veldi, 83; vill Hrútr görask mágr þinn, Nj. 3; hann gerðisk síðan óvarari, he became less cautious, Fms. x. 414.

2. with the prep. svá, to happen, come to pass so and so; svá görðisk, at …, it so happened, that …, Nj. 167; görðisk svá til, at …, Fms. x. 391; þá görðisk svá til um síðir, at…, at last it came to pass. that …, 392; enda vissi hann eigi, at þingför mundi af görask, in case he knew not that it would entail a journey to parliament, Grág. i. 46: with at added, to increase, þá görðisk þat mjök at um jarl ( it grew even worse with the earl) at hann var úsiðugr um kvenna-far, görðisk þat svá mikit, at …, it grew to such a pitch, that …, Hkr. i. 245; hence the mod. phrase, e-ð á-görist, it increases, gains, advances, esp. of illness, bad habits, and the like, never in a good sense.

3. impers. with dat., honum gerðisk ekki mjök vært, he felt restless, Ld. 152; næsta gerisk mér kynlegt, I feel uneasy, Finnb. 236.

4. to behave, bear oneself; Páll görðisk hraustliga í nafni Jesu, Post. 656 C. 13.

5. to set about doing, be about; fám vetrum síðan görðisk hann vestr til Íslands, Fms. x. 415; maðr kom at honum ok spurði, hvat hann gerðisk, what he was about, Ó. H. 244; görðisk jarl til Ribbunga, Fms. ix. 312, v. l.; tveir menn görðusk ferðar sinnar, two men set out for a journey, x. 279; görðusk menn ok eigi til þess at sitja yfir hlut hans, Eg. 512; at þessir menn hafa görzk til svá mikils stórræðis, Fms. xi. 261; eigi treystusk menn at görask til við hann, Bárð. 160.

6. (mod.) to be; in such phrases as, eins og menn nú gerast, such as people now are; eins og flestir menn gerast.

F. PART. PASS. görr, geyrr (Fms. ix. 498, x. 75), gjörr, gerr, as adj., compar. görvari, superl. görvastr; [A. S. gearu; gare, Chaucer, Percy’s Ballads; O. H. G. garwe; Germ. gar]:—skilled, accomplished; vaskligr, at sér görr, Ld. 134; vel at sér görr, Ísl. ii. 326, Gísl. 14; gerr at sér um allt, Nj. 51; hraustir ok vel at sér görvir, Eg. 86; at engi maðr hafi gervari at sér verit en Sigurðr, Mork. 221; allra manna snjallastr í máli ok görvastr at sér, Hkr. iii. 360: the phrase, leggja görva hönd á e-t, to set a skilled hand to work, to be an adept, a master in a thing; svá hagr, at hann lagði allt á görva hönd, Fas. i. 391, (á allt görva hönd, iii. 195.)

2. ready made, at hand; in the saying, gott er til geyrs (i. e. görs, not geirs) at taka, ‘tis good to have a thing at hand, Hkm. 17; ganga til görs, to have it ready made for one, Ld. 96; gör gjöld, prompt punishment, Lex. Poët.:—with infin., gerr at bjóða, ready to offer, Gh. 17; gervir at eiskra, in wild spirits, Hom. 11; görvar at ríða, Vsp. 24: with gen. of the thing, gerr ílls hugar, prone to evil, Hým. 9; gerr galdrs, prone to sorcery, Þd. 3; skulut þess görvir, be ready for that! Am. 55.

II. [cp. görvi, Engl. gear], done, dressed; svá görvir, so ‘geared,’ so trussed, Am. 40.

III. adverb. phrases, so-gurt, at soguru, so done; verða menn þat þó so-gurt at hafa, i. e. there is no redress to be had, Hrafn. 9; hafi hann so-gurt, N. G. L. i. 35, Nj. 141; kvað eigi so-gort duga, 123, v. l.; at (með) so-guru, this done, quo facto, Skv. 1. 24, 40; freq. with a notion of being left undone, re infecta. Germ. unverrichteter sache, Eg. 155, Glúm. 332, Ó. H. 202; enda siti um so-gort, and now let it stand, Skálda 166; við so-gurt, id., 655 vii. 4; á so-gurt ofan, into the bargain, Bs. i. 178, Ölk. 36, Fas. i. 85.

* * *

prep. w. dat.

I. Of place:

1) off, from;

G. hljóp af hesti sínum, G. jumped off his horse;

ganga af mótinu, to go away from the meeting;

Flosi kastaði af sér skikkjunni, threw off his cloak;

Gizzur gekk af útsuðri at gerðinu, from the south-west;

hann hafði leyst af sér skúa sína, he had taken off his shoes;

Steinarr vildi slíta hann af sér, throw him off;

tók Gísli þá af sér vápnin, took off his arms;

bréf af Magnúsi konungi, a letter from king Magnus;

land af landi, from one land to the other;

hverr af öðrum, one after another, in succession;

vil ek þú vinnir af þér skuldina, work off the debt;

muntu enga sætt af mér fá, no peace at my hand;

rísa af dauða, to rise from the dead;

vakna af draumi, to awaken from a dream;

lúka upp af hrossi, to open a gate from off a horse;

vindr stóð af landi, the wind blew from the land;

2) out of;

verða tekinn af heimi, to be taken out of the world;

gruflar hón af læknum, she scrambles out of the brook;

Otradalr var mjök af vegi, far out of the way.

Connected with út; föstudaginn fór út herrinn af borginni, marched out of the town.

II. Of time; past, beyond:

af ómagaaldri, able to support oneself, of age;

ek em nú af léttasta skeiði, no longer in the prime of life;

þá er sjau vikur eru af sumri, when seven weeks of summer are past;

var mikit af nótt, much of the night was past.

III. In various other relations:

1) þiggja lið af e-m, to receive help from one;

hafa umboð af e-m, to be another’s deputy;

vera góðs (ills) maklegr af e-m, to deserve good (bad) of one;

féll þar lið mart af Eyvindi, many of Eyvind’s men fell there;

þá eru þeir útlagir ok af goðorði sínu, have forfeited their goðorð;

þá skalt þú af allri fjárheimtunni, forfeit all the claim;

ek skal stefna þér af konunni, summon thee to give up;

2) off, of;

höggva fót, hönd, af e-m, to cut off one’s foot, hand;

vil ek, at þú takir slíkt sem þér líkar af varningi, whatever you like of the stores;

þar lá forkr einn ok brotit af endanum, with the point broken off;

absol., beit hann höndina af, bit the hand off;

fauk af höfuðit, the head flew off;

3) of, among;

hinn efniligasti maðr af ungum mönnum, the most promising of the young men;

4) with;

hláða, (ferma) skip af e-u, to load (freight) a ship with;

fylla heiminn af sínu kyni, to fill the world with his offspring;

5) of (= ór which is more frequent);

húsit var gert af timbr stokkum, was built of trunks of trees;

6) fig., eigi vita menn hvat af honum er orðit, what has become of him;

hvat hefir þú gert af Gunnari, what hast thou done with Gunnar?;

7) denoting parentage, descent, origin;

ok eru af þeim komnir Gilsbekkingar, are descended from them;

kominn af Trójumönnum, descended from the Trojans;

8) by, of (after passive);

ek em sendr hingat af Starkaði, sent hither by;

ástsæll af landsmónnum, beloved of;

9) on account of, by reason of, by;

úbygðr at frosti ok kulda, because of frost and cold;

ómáli af áverkum, speechless from wounds;

af ástæld hans, by his popularity;

af því, therefore;

af hví, wherefor why;

af því at, because;

10) by means of, by;

framfœra e-n af verkum sínum, by means of his own labour;

af sínu fé, by one’s own means;

absol., hann fekk af hina mestu sœmd, derived great honour from it;

11) with adjectives, in regard to;

mildr af fé, liberal of money;

góðr af griðum, merciful;

fastr af drykk, close (stingy) in regard to drink;

12) used absol. with a verb, off away;

hann bað hann þá róa af fjörðinn, to row the firth off;

ok er þeir höfðu af fjörðung, when they had covered one forth of the way;

sofa af nóttina, to sleep the night away.

* * *

prep. often used elliptically by dropping the case, or even merely adverbially, [Ulf. af; A. S. and Engl. of, off; Hel. ab; Germ. ab; Gr. άπό; Lat. a, ab.] With dat. denoting a motion a loco; one of the three prepp. af, ór, frá, corresponding to those in loco—á, í, við, and ad locum—á, í, at. It in general corresponds to the prepp. in loco—á, or in locum— til, whilst ór answers more to í; but it also frequently corresponds to yfir, um or í. It ranges between ór and frá, generally denoting the idea from the surface of, while ór means from the inner part, and frá from the outer part or border. The motion from a hill, plain, open place is thus denoted by af; by ór that from an enclosed space, depth, cavity, thus af fjalli, but ór of a valley, dale; af Englandi, but ór Danmörk, as mörk implies the notion of a deep wood, forest. The wind blows af landi, but a ship sets sail frá landi; frá landi also means a distance from: af hendi, of a glove, ring; ór hendi, of whatever has been kept in the hand (correl. to á hendi and í hendi). On the other hand af is more general, whilst frá and ór are of a more special character; frá denoting a departure, ór an impulse or force; a member goes home af þingi, whereas ór may denote an inmate of a district, or convey the notion of secession or exclusion from, Eb. 105 new Ed.; the traveller goes af landi, the exile ór landi: taka e-t af e-m is to take a thing out of one’s hand, that of taka frá e-m to remove out of one’s sight, etc. In general af answers to Engl. of, off, ór to out of, and frá to from: the Lat. prepp. ab, de, and ex do not exactly correspond to the Icelandic, yet as a rule ór may answer to ex, af sometimes to ab, sometimes to de. Of, off, from among; with, by; on account of by means of, because of concerning, in respect of.

A. Loc.

I. With motion, off, from:

1. prop. corresp. to á,

α. konungr dró gullhring af hendi sér (but á hendi), Ld. 32; Höskuldr lætr bera farm af skipi, unload the ship (but bera farm á skip), id.; var tekit af hestum þeirra, they were unsaddled, Nj. 4; Gunnarr hafði farit heiman af bæ sínum, he was away from home, 82; Gunnarr hljóp af hesti sínum, jumped off his horse (but hl. á hest), 83; hlaupa, stökkva af baki, id., 112, 264 ; Gunnarr skýtr til hans af boganum, from the bow, where af has a slight notion of instrumentality, 96; flýja af fundinum, to fly from off the battle-field, 102; ríða af Þríhyrningshálsum, 206; út af Langaholti, Eg. 744 ; sunnan ór Danmörk ok af Saxlandi, 560; ganga af mótinu, to go from the meeting, Fms. vii. 130; af þeirra fundi reis María upp ok fór, 625. 85 ; Flosi kastaði af ser skikkjunni, threw his cloak off him (but kasta á sik),Nj. 176; taka Hrungnis fót af honum, of a load, burden, Edda 58; land þat er hann fiskði af, from which he set off to fish, Grág. i. 151, is irregular, frá would suit better; slíta af baki e-s, from off one’s back, ii. 9 ; bera af borði, to clear the table, Nj. 75.

β. where it more nearly answers to í; þeir koma af hafi, of sailors coming in (but leggja í haf), Nj. 128 ; fara til Noregs af Orkneyjum (but í or til O.), 131; þeim Agli fórst vel ok komu af hafi i Borgarfjörð, Eg. 392 ; hann var útlagi ( outlawed) af Noregi, where ór would be more regular, 344; af Islandi, of a traveller, Fms. x. 3; búa her af báðum ríkjunum, to take a levy from, 51; hinir beztu bændr ór Norðlendingafjórðungi ok af Sunnlendingafjórðungi, the most eminent Southerners and Northerners, 113; Gizzurr gékk af útsuðri at gerðinu, from south-west, Sturl. ii. 219; prestar af hvárutveggja biskupsdæmi, from either diocess, Dipl. ii. 11; verða tekinn af heimi, to be taken out of the world, 623. 21; gruflar hon af læknum, scrambles out of the brook, Ísl. ii. 340; Egill kneyfði af horninu í einum drykk, drained off the horn at one draught, literally squeezed every drop out of it, Eg. 557; brottuaf herbúðunurn, Fms. x. 343.

γ. of things more or less surrounding the subject, corresp. to yfir or um; láta þeir þegar af sér tjöldin, break off, take down the tents in preparing for battle, Eg. 261; kyrtillinn rifnaði af honum, his coat burst, caused by the swollen body, 602; hann hafði leyst af sér skúa sína, he untied his shoes (but binda á sik), 716; Steinarr vildi slíta hann af sér, throw him off, of one clinging to one’s body, 747; tók Gísli þá af sér vápnin, took off his arms, Fms. vii. 39. Of putting off clothes; fara af kápu, Nj. 143; far þú eigi af brynjunni, Bs. i. 541; þá ætlaði Sigurðr at fara af brynjunni, id.; þá var Skarphéðinn flettr af klæðunum, Nj. 209: now more usually fara or klæðum, fötum, exuere, to undress.

δ. connected with út; föstudaginn for út herrinn af borginni, marched out of the town, Nj. 274; ganga út af kirkjunni, to go out of the church, now út úr, Fms. vii. 107: drekki hann af þeirri jörðunni, of something impregnated with the earth, Laekn. 402.

ε. more closely corresponding to frá, being in such cases a Latinism (now frá); bréf af páfa, a pope’s bull, Fms. x. 6; rit af hánum, letter from him, 623. 52; bréf af Magnúsi konungi, a letter from king Magnus, Bs. i. 712; farið þér á brautu af mér í eilífan eld, Hom. 143; brott af drottins augliti, Stj. 43.

ζ. denoting an uninterrupted continuity, in such phrases as land aflandi, from land to land, Eg. 343, Fas. ii. 539; skip af skipl. from ship to ship, Fms. v. 10; brann hvat af öðru, one after another, of an increasing fire, destroying everything, i. 128; brandr af brandi brenn, funi kveykist af funa, one from another, Hm. 56; hverr af öðrum, one after another, in succession, also hverr at öðrum, Eb. 272, 280 (where at in both passages).

2. metaph., at ganga af e-m dauðum, to go from, leave one dead on the spot, of two combatants; en hann segiz bani hins ef hann gekk af dauðum manni, Grág. ii. 88, Hkr. 1. 327; undr þykir mér er bróðir þinn vildi eigi taka af þér starf þetta, would not take this toil from thee, Nj. 77; þegnar hans glöddust af honum, were fain of him, Fms. x. 380; at koma þeim manni af sér er settr var á fé hans, to get rid of, Ld. 52; vil ek þú vinriir af þér skuldina, work off the debt, Njarð. 366; reka af sér, to repel, Sturl. ii. 219; hann á þá sonu er aldri munu af oss ganga, who will never leave us, whom we shall never get rid of, Fas. i. 280; leysa e-n af e-u, to relieve, 64; taka e-n af lífi, to kill, Eg. 48, 416, Nj. 126; af lífdögum, Fms. vii. 204; ek mun ná lögum af því máli, get the benefit of the law in this case, Eg. 468; muntu enga sætt af mér fá, no peace at my hand, 414; rísa af dauða, to rise from death, Fms. ii. 142; guð bætti honum þó af þessi sótt, healed him of this sickness, ix. 390; vakna af sýn, draumi, svefni, to awaken from a vision, dream, sleep, 655 xxxii. I, Gísl. 24, Eb. 192, Fas. i. 41. Rather with the notion out of, in the phrase af sér etc., e. g. sýna e-t af scr, to shew, exhibit a disposition for or against, Ld. 18; gera mikit af sér, to shew great prowess, Ísl. ii. 368; éf þú gerir eigi meira af þér um aðra leika, unless you make more of thyself, Edda 32; Svipdagr hafði mikit af sér gert, fought bravely, Fas. i. 41; góðr (illr) af sér, good ( bad) of oneself, by nature; mikill af sjálfum sér, proud, bold, stout, Nj. 15; ágætastr maðr af sjálfum sér, the greatest hero, Bret.: góðr af ser, excellent, Hrafn. 7; but, on the contrary, af sér kominn, ruinous, in decay; this phrase is used of old houses or buildings, as in Bs. i. 488 = Sturl. l. c.; af sér kominn af mæði can also be said of a man fallen off from what he used to be; kominn af fotum fram, off his legs from age, Sturl. i. 223, Korm. 154 (in a verse).

II. WITHOUT MOTION:

1. denoting direction from, but at the same time continuous connection with an object from which an act or thing proceeds, from; tengja skip hvárt fram af stafni annars, to tie the ships in a line, stem to stern, Fms. i. 157, xi. 111; svá at þeir tóku út af borðum, jutted out of the boards, of rafters or poles, iv. 49; stjarna ok af sem skaft, of a comet, ix. 482; lúka upp af hrossi, to open a gate from off a horse, Grág. ii. 264; hon svarar af sínu sæti sem álpt af baru, Fás. i. 186; þar er sjá mátti utau af firði, af þjóðleið, that might be seen from the fareway on the sea when sailing in the firth, Hkr. ii. 64; þá mun hringt af (better at) Burakirkju, of bells rung at the church, Fms. xi. 160; gengr þar af Meðalfellsströnd, projects from, juts out, of a promontory, Ld. 10.

2. denoting direction alone; upp af víkinni stóð borg mikil, a burg inland from the inlet, Eg. 161; lokrekkja innar af seti, a shut bed inward from the benches in the hall, Ísl. ii. 262; kapella upp af konungs herbergjum, upwards from, Fms. x. 153; vindr stóð af landi, the wind stood off the land, Bárð. 166.

β. metaph., stauda af e-u, vide VI. 4.

γ. ellipt., hallaði af norðr, of the channel, north of a spot, Boll. 348; also, austr af, suðr af, vestr af, etc.

3. denoting absence; þingheyendr skulu eigi vera um nótt af þingi ( away from the meeting), eðr lengr, þá eru þeir af þingi ( away from (be meeting) ef þeir eru or ( out of) þingmarki, Grág. i. 25; vera um nótt af várþingi, 115; meðan hann er af landi héðan, abroad, 150.

β. metaph., gud hvíldi af öllum verkum sínum á sjaunda degi, rested from his labours, Ver. 3.

4. denoting distance; þat er komit af þjóðleið, out of the high road, remote, Eg. 369; af þjóðbraut, Grág. ii. 264, i. 15; Otradalr (a farm) var mjök af vegi, far out of the way, Háv. 53.

B. TEMP, past, from, out of, beyond:

1. of a person’s age, in the sense of having past a period of life; af ómaga aldri, of age, able to support oneself, Grág. i. 243; af aeskualdri, stricken in years, having past the prime of life, Eg. 202; lítið af barnsaldri, still a child, Ld. 74; ek em nú af léttasia skeiði, no longer in the prime of life, Háv. 40.